Free Will free essay sample

An examination on how the use of David Humes hypothesis of choice could add to a superior society. The paper shows that by using thinker David Humes hypothesis that everybody has unrestrained choice, paying little mind to the past conditions, and is responsible for their conduct, we could deliver an increasingly dependable and common society and diminish a significant part of the corrupt, untrustworthy and criminal conduct. In the emergency clinic, a lady doesn't bring forth a specialist, legal advisor, ballet dancer, cop, or competitor it is consistently, regardless, a kid or a young lady (Zigler, See you at the Top). The decisions are produced using choice that chooses who the individual is that will get from birth. Educators and guardians, alongside different pioneers, have an obligation to give the youngster the basics to live as profitably as could reasonably be expected. The right attitude, and direction can deliver wonders in helping the youngster become a grown-up who achieves incredible things. We will compose a custom exposition test on Through and through freedom or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This applies to grown-ups also. Brain science, appropriately utilized, will instruct one that the choices made currently will reflect what conduct one will pick, out of through and through freedom.

Development and Evaluation of a drama peice Essay Example For Students

Improvement and Evaluation of a show peice Essay We utilized a chunk of string as a prop to make the web. At the point when we made the web we attempted to show what it resembled being kept in a domain without wanting to not having the option to get away. Before the activity we examined being held prisoner and the feelings that one would feel in that circumstance, so we could then infuse these underlying thoughts into our gathering show. We likewise worn out an activity were we understood we were not the only one and that there was another prisoner in the neighboring cell, so individually we watch as standards extemporized the primary gathering of the two prisoners. We will compose a custom article on Development and Evaluation of a show peice explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now It was powerful as the character feelings were solid as we were at that point in character and had support from working with others. We attempted to show sensible responses in the event that we really were in cells without anyone else. We at last demonstrated everybody attempting to break liberated from the web; numerous individuals split away effectively and didn't look behind however many settled on the choice to return and help other people. In the end, everyone unraveled themselves from the string and it fell limp to the floor. HOW we attempted to accomplish this: We attempted to accomplish this by having everyone in the gathering stand in irregular situations around the room and toss a ball to someone else. The chunk of string would in the end disentangle around us in a tangled mass and that would make the people own fenced in area, in which we needed to envision we where kept without wanting to, disengaged from any feeling of ordinariness. We plunked down yet at the same time kept the string set up around us and afterward started to ad lib with our neighbors. The lighting utilized was a solitary light that went about as a spot light to cause to notice each combine as they ad libbed while the studio remained passed out. This was successful as it assisted with making a scene of a segregated cell and added to the upsetting and gloomy environment. WHAT I would improve and why: Even however it was our first time playing out the web as a gathering; I think it extremely powerful as we helped each other amass and get into character. In any case, I would have use emulate covers on the off chance that I would do the web again and utilize not many sounds and words. This would represent the prisoners calling for help and shouting as loud as possible yet at the same time, no body hears them. So to the remainder of the world, they don't make a clamor. I would improve the last part where everyone needed to unravel themselves from the web as some came out of job when they stalled out and snickered about it. What I would do is remain in job however request help from my neighbor, as my characters as though we were getting away from together. Eddie, its been quite a while since we have both met and I realize I am not your preferred individual on the planet but rather hear me out Eddie, listen to me What I did. Must be done, child. You were a moron for attempting to spare him Eddie, in light of the fact that you would do sullen have yourself slaughtered, and afterward what might occur? Sick mention to you what You would have never met Maragruit; the affection for your life. So be appreciative it was me instead of you-I realize I am. Eddie, my granddad was in administration as was my dad, and his sibling and their cousin and perhaps their uncle The point I; this is the thing that I was destined to do, serve my Queen and nation. .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 , .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .postImageUrl , .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 , .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66:hover , .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66:visited , .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66:active { border:0!important; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66:active , .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66:hover { murkiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4757e047119 9370ac557eaa7cf4bad66 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4757e0471199370ac557eaa7cf4bad66:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Essay Questions For The Crucible By Arthur MillerI was destined to take care of your men and Ill be condemned if Ida at any point let one of you pass on in my place. Right then when I went to spare Walters? That was my time Eddie. It was intended to occur. You need to comprehend why I did what I did and I am sorry it has been frequenting you for an incredible remainder however I would have it no other way. You were youthful with your entire life ahead you child, war was never implied for you Eddie Ive remained on so you can hear my clarification. Indeed, Ive been pausing and to you child, it might appear to be a long a chan ce to pause. In any case, to me it appeared as if; I passed on, squinted and afterward here you were standing directly before me. I have to proceed onward Eddie. I cannot reveal to you its a request to excuse me; I can dare to dream. Advancement Page 3 Person 3 Ruby (and Eddies Father) (Remember to make reference to the Elements of Drama and Drama Medium!) The harm of disregard/The harm of savagery/The harm of silence Explain how you imparted one of the above. What strategies did you use? We utilized a tablo still picture as the primary component of the show. We made an upbeat picture of father and child managing everything well together on a climbing trip. We utilized a water bottle as a prop which added authenticity to our dramatization piece and furthermore changed our garments to coordinate every others. It represented dad and child joined together and the child venerating the dad and needing to resemble him. Our appearances were extremely over overstated and cheerful and we confronted each other to show the dad and child getting along fine and dandy. In the second tablo we did, we changed the picture so there was rubbing among father and child because of the harm of quietness. In our picture the dad and child are still on their climbing trip however the dad has his back turned and is focusing on a fanciful guide in his grasp. The child is attempting to get the dads consideration however is met with quiet. We despite everything utilized the water bottle as a prop yet trouble our dress was tousled to represent heedlessness and absence of enthusiasm for appearing to be indistinguishable. Clarify one key moment: A key second in our piece is the progress from the glad picture of the dad and child to the troubled picture. We moved into the second posture gradually which indicated the moderate separate in correspondence between the two. In our picture, the child is trailing gradually behind the dad who is caught up with strolling ahead attempting to peruse the guide. It was significant we spoken to the quietness between the two. We attempted to do this by having the dad focus on the guide and concentrated on getting to their goal however then have the child strolling gradually behind with an exhausted demeanor all over. How successful was the piece and why? I think our piece was viable as the picture depicted an unmistakable complexity between the glad dad and child and the miserable dad and child. Additionally, we delineated the grating between the two and the purpose behind it which was the harm of quiet. Our non-verbal communication helped and furthermore the outward appearance we utilized.

Economics Financial Crisis

Question: Talk about theEconomicsfor Financial Crisis. Answer: Presentation The paper for the most part centers around portraying the significant makes that drove worldwide money related emergency, which urbanized in the United States in the year 2007-2008. This paper, by dissimilarity is a push to grasp the significant instances of the GFC. Between the year 1996 and 2004, there was significant decrease in the drawn out paces of enthusiasm for the US. This was connected with a high just as expanding current record deficiency (Erkens, Hung and Matos 2012). The US subsequently, needed to utilize immense aggregates of cash from abroad, for the most part from China just as the other oil delivering nations so as to support the shortage. Therefore, the drawn out paces of premium were brought due down to gigantic inflow of capital and it was re-lent by US money related foundations to homebuyers just as financial speculators (Treeck 2014). Body Research Question Will the US money related emergency lead to end of the US? How does the cost of gold impact the soundness of an economy? Writing Review As opined by Thornton et al. (2015), the huge speculation banks of the US expanded their resource for value proportions from 23 in the year 2004 to 30 constantly 2007. At the end of the day, for every one dollar of equity or capital the banks had twenty-three to thirty dollars in assets financed by loaning. Because of the huge increment in the cost of gold that broke its record for the most noteworthy ascent in a one-day time frame, Morgan Stanley and one of the last two US resource banks left standing. Morgan Stanley and Bear Stearns had accomplished resource for value proportions of thirty-three to one. The business banks were additionally perilously utilized be that as it may; it was not obvious as they kept a tremendous measure of their returns, off their asset reports. At that equivalent time, loaning got costless as home loans just as business advances were being packaged up and sold on to different investors. Therefore, Goldman Sachs and the Morgan Stanley are the main colossal left standing. As per the Marxist business analysts, the significant reason that prompted stagflation in the US economy was a vital fall in the general pace of benefit. The pace of benefit in the US declined by very nearly 50 percent from around 12 percent (Yamamoto 2014). The significant key reasons for the US budgetary emergency were the expansive just as expanding imbalances of salary and success between families in the US society. Modern private enterprise was bolstered by just 42 percent of the complete populace and the number was generally higher among the gathering of more seasoned people. Globally, free market private enterprise is experiencing harsh criticism as nations across Europe addresses the benefits of the US (Kilian and Hicks 2013). The US money related emergency, brought down business consumption just as work and monetary development. The cost of gold for the most part uncovers the genuine province of US budgetary wellbeing. In the event that the cost of gold builds, it shows that the economy isn't sound. Financial specialists for the most part buy gold as it goes about as a protection from both monetary emergency just as expansion. In any case, then again the low cost of gold shows that the economy is solid. The costs of gold are generally affected by the laws of both interest and flexibly (Karanikolos et al. 2013). Quantitative Approach As indicated by the information from the World Bank Group, the US money related emergency for the most part expanded because of increment in loaning to the emergency hit creating nations. The general loaning is probably going to increment from US$13.5 billion to more than US$35 billion. Since the year 2009, programs identified with credit change have helped a huge number of borrowers to stay in their homes. Year Swelling Gold Price 1977 560 300 1987 450 500 1997 500 430 2007 800 520 2017 1600 1500 Between the years, 1979-2007, genuine yield every hour raised by 1.91 percent while the genuine normal hourly income of non-administrative workers declined by 0.04 percent. In the year 2008, the cost of gold expanded by 2.6 percent be that as it may; the PPI for gold diminished by 12.8 percent as the US was deferred in the financial just as monetary emergency of the Great Recession. The surprising moves by the US Federal Reserve to impart liquidity into the economy helped subordinate the estimation of the dollar. The costs of gold bounced by 50.6 percent during the year 2011. This was for the most part because of presumption encompassing an unpredictable recuperation also insecurity in the US money related market. The expansion in the cost of gold eased back down during the year 2012. In the year 2012, there was a 5.4 percent expansion that prompted littlest yearly benefit. During that year, the Producer Price Index (PPI) for finished merchandise progressed 1.3 percent. The descendin g movement of costs for middle of the road vitality products prompted deceleration in costs for transitional merchandise (Domhoff 2013). The sorts of episodes that are related with the US money related emergency incorporate segregated occurrences or simply financial commotion. The indents are for the most part identified with the frequency of a money related emergency. The US budgetary emergency, prompted overall gloom that likewise prompted absence of worldwide coordination. This is generally because of the way that most governments just as monetary establishment that turned inwards (Peters et al. 2012). Suggestion It is energetically suggested that there ought to be a superior coordination between offices just as more grounded assortment of information and enlarged guideline on protection firms and non-bank monetary administrations. The Federal Reserve additionally requires doing rulemaking that will assist with bringing down the money related emergency. The cost of gold ought to likewise be brought down with the goal that the US private enterprise doesn't get broke. End It very well may be inferred that the US obtained immense aggregates of cash from abroad, for the most part from China just as the other oil creating nations so as to support the shortfall. It very well may be likewise be reasoned that administrative spines matter most definitely. Morgan Stanley and Bear Stearns had achieved resource for value proportions of thirty-three to one. It has been discovered that main source that prompted stagflation in the US economy was an important fall in the general pace of benefit. References Domhoff, G.W., 2013.Finding significance in dreams: A quantitative methodology. Springer Science Business Media. Erkens, D.H., Hung, M. what's more, Matos, P., 2012. Corporate administration in the 20072008 money related emergency: Evidence from budgetary foundations worldwide.Journal of Corporate Finance,18(2), pp.389-411. Karanikolos, M., Mladovsky, P., Cylus, J., Thomson, S., Basu, S., Stuckler, D., Mackenbach, J.P. what's more, McKee, M., 2013. Money related emergency, gravity, and wellbeing in Europe.The Lancet,381(9874), pp.1323-1331. Kilian, L. what's more, Hicks, B., 2013. Did out of the blue solid monetary development cause the oil value stun of 20032008?.Journal of Forecasting,32(5), pp.385-394. Stowell, D., 2012.Investment banks, flexible investments, and private value. Scholastic Press. Thornton, J., Glasgow, S.M., Hamza, H.R. also, Ismael, I.M., 2015. Bear Stearns: A Financial Analysis of the First Domino To Fall. Treeck, T., 2014. Did disparity cause the US budgetary crisis?.Journal of Economic Surveys,28(3), pp.421-448. Dwindles, G.P., Marland, G., Le Qur, C., Boden, T., Canadell, J.G. also, Raupach, M.R., 2012. Quick development in CO2 discharges after the 2008-2009 worldwide money related crisis.Nature Climate Change,2(1), pp.2-4. Yamamoto, S., 2014. Transmission of US monetary and exchange stuns to Asian economies: Implications for overflow of the 20072009 US money related crisis.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance,27, pp.88-103.

Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 19-20 Free Essays

string(51) of his dread like a deer trapped in vehicle headlights. 19 JENNY’S HOUSE Jenny stopped the Toyota behind Travis’s Chevy and slaughtered the lights. â€Å"Well?† Travis said. Jenny stated, â€Å"Would you like to come in?† â€Å"Well. We will compose a custom article test on Down to earth Demonkeeping Chapter 19-20 or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now † Travis went about as though he needed to consider it. â€Å"Yes, I’d love to.† â€Å"Give me a moment to go in and make a way, okay?† â€Å"No issue, I have to mind something in my car.† â€Å"Thanks.† Jenny grinned with help. They escaped the vehicle. Jenny went into the house. Travis inclined toward the entryway of the Chevy and sat tight for her to get inside. At that point he tossed open the vehicle entryway and looked inside. Catch was perched on the traveler side, his face stuck in a comic book. He gazed toward Travis and smiled. â€Å"Oh, you’re back.† â€Å"Did you play the radio?† â€Å"No way.† â€Å"Good. It’s wired into the battery legitimately; it’ll channel the current.† â€Å"Didn’t contact it.† Travis looked at the bag on the secondary lounge. â€Å"Keep an eye on that.† â€Å"You got it.† Travis didn’t move. â€Å"Is there something wrong?† â€Å"Well, you’re being dreadfully agreeable.† â€Å"I let you know, I’m only happy to see you having a decent time.† â€Å"You may need to remain the night in the vehicle. You aren’t hungry, are you?† â€Å"Get a hold, Travis. I just ate last night.† Travis gestured. â€Å"I’ll mind you later, so stay here.† Travis shut the vehicle entryway. Catch hopped to his feet and looked out for the dashboard while Travis went into the house. Amusingly, they were both reasoning something very similar: in a short time this will all be finished. Catch hacked and a red spiked heel shot out of his mouth and ricocheted off the windshield, splashing the glass with terrible spit. Robert had left his truck a street or two away from his old house and strolled up, trusting and fearing that he would get Jenny with another man. As he moved toward the house, he saw the old Chevy stopped before her Toyota. He had gone through this scene a hundred times in his brain. Leave the dim, get her with the person, and yell â€Å"Ah ha!† Then things got crude. What was the point? He didn’t truly need to get her at anything. He needed her to go to the entryway with tears spilling down her cheeks. He needed her to toss her arms around him and implore him to get back home. He needed to guarantee her that everything would be fine and pardon her for tossing him out. He had run that scene through his brain a hundred times too. After they had intercourse for the third time, things got crude. The Chevy was not part of his biased scenes. It resembled a review, a mystery. It implied that somebody was in the house with Jenny. Somebody who, in contrast to Robert, had been welcomed. New scenes went through his head: thumping on the entryway, having Jenny answer, checking out her shoulder to see another man sitting on the love seat, and being sent away. He couldn’t stand that. It was excessively genuine. Perhaps it wasn’t a person by any means. Perhaps it was one of the ladies from the coven who had stopped by to comfort Jenny in her period of scarcity. At that point the fantasy returned to him. He was attached to a seat in the desert once more, watching Jenny have intercourse with another man. The little beast was pushing saltines in his mouth. Robert acknowledged he had been remaining in the road gazing at the house for a few minutes, tormenting himself. Simply be grown-up about it. Go up and thump on the entryway. In the event that she is with another person, simply pardon yourself and return later. He felt a throb ascending in his chest at the idea. No, simply leave. Return to The Breeze’s trailer and call her tomorrow. The idea of one more night alone with his catastrophe expanded the throb in his chest. Robert’s uncertainty had constantly maddened Jenny. Presently it was deadening him. â€Å"Just pick a course and go, Robert,† she would state. â€Å"It can’t be any more terrible than staying here feeling sorry for yourself.† Yet, it’s the main thing I’m great at, he thought. A truck adjusted the corner and began gradually to move up the road. Robert was excited without hesitation. He rushed to the Chevy and dodged behind it. I’m stowing away before my own home. This is senseless, he thought. In any case, maybe any individual who passed would realize how little and powerless he was. He didn’t need to be seen. The truck eased back nearly to a stop as it passed the house, at that point the driver gunned the motor and dashed off. Robert remained in a squat behind the Chevy for a few minutes before he moved. He needed to know. â€Å"Just pick a bearing and go.† He chose to look in the windows. There were two windows in the family room, around six feet off the ground. Both were old-style, weighted-scarf types. Jenny had planted geraniums in the window boxes outside. On the off chance that the window boxes were sufficient, he could raise himself up and look through the hole in the closed blinds. Keeping an eye on your own better half was shabby. It was filthy. It was unreasonable. He considered it for a second, at that point advanced over the yard to the windows. Shabby, grimy, and unreasonable would be enhancements over how he felt now. He snatched the edge of the window box and tried his weight against it. It held. He pulled himself up, snared his jawline on the window box, and looked through the hole in the blinds. They were on the love seat, confronting ceaselessly from him: Jenny and some man. For a second he thought Jenny was exposed, at that point he saw the slender ties of her dark dress. She never wore that dress any longer. It gave out an inappropriate sort of message, she used to state, which means it was excessively attractive. He gazed at them in interest, got by the truth of his dread like a deer trapped in vehicle headlights. You read Handy Demonkeeping Chapter 19-20 in class Exposition models The man went to express something to Jenny, and Robert got his profile. It was the person from the bad dream, the person he had found in the Slug that evening. He couldn’t look any more. He brought himself down to the ground. A bunch of miserable inquiries beat at him. Who was this person? What was so extraordinary about this person? What does he have that I don’t? To top it all off, to what extent has this been going on? Robert faltered away from the house toward the road. They were sitting in his home, on his love seat †the lounge chair he and Jenny had set aside to purchase. How might she do that? Didn’t everything in the house help her to remember their marriage? How might she sit on his love seat with some other man? Would they screw in his bed? The hurt rose up in his chest at the idea, nearly multiplying him over. He considered destroying the guy’s vehicle. It was pretty destroyed as of now, however. Straighten the tires? Break the windshield? Pee in the gas tank? No, at that point he would need to confess to spying. In any case, he needed to accomplish something. Possibly he could discover something in the vehicle that would disclose to him who this home wrecker was. He looked through the Chevy’s windows. Not a lot to see: a couple of inexpensive food wrappers, a comic book on the front seat, and a Haliburton bag on the rearward sitting arrangement. Robert remembered it right away. He used to convey his four-by-five camera in a similar model bag. He had sold the camera and given the bag to The Breeze for lease. Was this person a picture taker? One approach to discover. He dithered, his hand on the vehicle entryway handle. Imagine a scenario where the person came out while Robert was scavenging through the vehicle. What might he do? Screw it. The person was scavenging through his life, wasn’t he? Robert attempted the entryway. It was opened. He tossed it open and came to in. 20 EFFROM He was an officer. Like all warriors, in his extra minutes he was considering home and the young lady who hung tight for him there. He sat on a slope watching out over the moving English open country. It was dull, yet his eyes had balanced during his long watchman obligation. He smoked a cigarette and watched the examples the full moon made on the slopes when the low overcast spread separated. He was a kid, only seventeen. He was infatuated with an earthy colored haired, blue-looked at young lady named Amanda. She had down-delicate hair on her thighs that stimulated his palms when he pushed her skirt up around her hips. He could see the fall sun on her thighs, despite the fact that he was gazing over the spring-green slopes of England. The mists opened and let the moon light up the entire open country. The young lady pulled his jeans down around his knees. The channels were just four days away. He took a profound delay the cigarette and hit it out in the grass. He let the smoke out with a murmur. The young lady kissed him hard and wet and pulled him down on her. A shadow showed up on the far off slope, dark and strongly characterized. He watched the shadow undulate over the slopes. It can’t be, he thought. They never fly under a full moon. However, the overcast spread? He glanced in the sky for the aircraft however could see nothing. It was quiet with the exception of the crickets singing sex tunes. The field was still yet for the shadow. He lost the vision of the young lady. Everything was the enormous, stogie formed shadow advancing toward him, quiet as death. He realized he should run, sound the caution, caution his companions, however he just sat, viewing. The shadow overshadowed the evening glow and he shuddered, the carrier was legitimately over him. He could simply hear the motors as it passed. At that point he was washed in moonlight, the shadow behind him. He had endure. The carrier had held its bellyful of death. At that point he heard the blasts start behind him. He turned and watched the flashes and flames out there, tuned in to the shouts, as his companions at the base woke to wind up ablaze. He groaned and twisted into a ball, jumping each

SIPA News Science and Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA News Science and Technology COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The latest issue of SIPA News is now available.   The magazine is published twice per year and features articles written by students and faculty at SIPA.   The topic for this issue is science and technology and the following are just a few of the articles: Video Advocacy for Human Rights How the 21st Century Became Green This Domain Has Been Disabled: U.S. Online Service Providers and Their Role in Intermediary Censorship Blogging in Burma:   Cyber-Dissidents Fight for Freedom Against the Odds The Original Medical Tourism Destination: Keeping Patients Coming as Health Care Goes Global Video Sharing from the Grave: A Tale of Murder, Intrigue and Micro blogging in Guatemala Science at SIPA: The Course Work of the Future The full magazine is available for veiwing as a PDF by clicking here.   All previous issues of SIPA News can also be viewed on line by clicking here. For details on the following picture, see page 5 of the PDF.

A Tragedy Of Hamlet - Free Essay Example

Hamlet was published in 1603 by William Shakespeare, a renowned English playwright and actor. This play brings up very sophisticated topics that were very often hidden and shied away from in Shakespeares time period. The audience follows the story of a young prince who seemingly falls apart after the death of his father and brings the kingdom down with him. Hamlet is drowning in grief after his fathers death and is driven by a rage at his uncle for the murder. Hamlet loses all other thoughts and emotions as he is overtaken with a passion for revealing the truth, and a passion for revenge. There is a moment in the play when many readers are no longer rooting for Hamlet, when the vision of his pure character is destroyed. In Act 3 when Hamlet murders Polonius he shows no remorse for his actions and that is a prime example of Hamlet becoming â€Å"passion’s slave†. Hamlet is so overcome by his blind rage for Claudius that he is no longer thinking clearly, so when he enters his mothers bedroom and hears another person in the room, he rashly assumes that it’s his uncle, and lashes out, killing Polonius, â€Å"How now, a rat? Dead for a ducat, dead!/ (stabs his sword through the arras and kills Polonius) [] Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell/ I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune†(act 3, scene 4, 23-33). The fact that Hamlet shows no remorse for his actions towards Polonius, a close friend, shows that he has gone over the edge of insanity. Over the course of the play Hamlet is so overcome by his emotions that he loses sight of t he origin of his behavior. It takes the reappearance of his fathers ghost to get him back on track and to remind him of his original purpose, to prove to Gertrude that Claudius is the murderer. Essentially Hamlet lashing out at everybody, is him becoming enslaved to his passion for vengeance. Throughout the play Hamlet is on a whirlwind of emotions, always governed by passion over reason. The need for revenge and Hamlets complete focus on correcting a wrong, impede on his responsibilities of being a ruler, a son, and a suitor. As he is so determined on fulfilling that desire of revenge, he doesn’t realize how irrational he’s behaving. An example of Hamlet’s passion interfering with his responsibilities of being a â€Å"lover† is how diabolical he treats Ophelia. Hamlet feels betrayed by his mother because of her lack of mourning over her late husband, King Hamlet, and the fact that she hastily married King Hamlet’s brother, Claudius, soon after. This deceit causes him to view every woman as untrustworthy, which in turn negatively affects his sense of duty of being a good â€Å"lover† to Ophelia, accusing her of being disloyal and deceptive. His unrefined comments to her exceeded sexist barriers, she says, â€Å"You are keen, my l ord, you are keen†, complimenting his intelligence, and he replies, â€Å"It would cost you a groaning to take off my edge† (act 3, scene 2, 227-228). Hamlet shows some very questionable behavior in this scene through his conversation with Ophelia, which proves him capable of abuse despite his supposed love for her. Unfortunately, this conversation with Ophelia is only one of many moments where Hamlet unleashes his rage on those around him. Several critics and readers believe that Hamlets insanity is just an elaborate charade that he puts on to obtain a confession to murder from his uncle, and it’s true that he started out that way. It’s in this scene, when Hamlet manipulates Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, that he appears the most in control of his own behavior, almost eerily so. Almost ironically, Hamlet even shows admiration for Horatio’s calm demeanor, the absence of which is Hamlet’s most flawed trait. â€Å"Give me that man/ That is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him/ In my heart’s core, ay, in my heart of heart† (Act 3. Scene 2. 64-67). In this scene, as he goes from wild to mature behavior, it appears that Hamlet is not insane after all. So, while there is truth behind the statement that Hamlet is only pretending to be a slave to his passions, over the course of the play it’s obvious that he loses that control over his emotions, and no longer has to pre tend to be insane. Hamlet commits the height of this passion in a response to his fathers death and in his evident love for Ophelia. A prime example of Hamlet’s passion is shown in the graveyard scene when he learns of Ophelia’s suicide. Hamlet exclaims, â€Å"What is he whose grief/ Bears such an emphasis, whose phrase of sorrow/ Conjures the wandering stars, and makes them stand/ Like wonder-wounded hearers? This is I, / Hamlet the Dane (leaps into the grave)† (act 5 scene 1, 238-242). Hamlet is beside himself with grief, knowing that he had caused her pain by murdering her father, Polonius. Hamlet may have started his act of insanity with pure intentions, but he gets in too deep and is overcome by his strong emotions and his passion for vengeance. When Hamlet meets the ghost of his father, his whole persona changes. His moods become more hysterical, his words more aggressive, and his motivations secretive. The old hamlet, the hamlet before seeing his father’s ghost, is gone, and has been taken over by a bitter and vindictive figure. Hamlet let his situation get way out of control, and drowning in his grief, he becomes â€Å"passion’s slave†. This play proves that a person cannot just be a human of action nor only a human of thought, you have to find a balance. As Hamlet shows, being a human of thought can mean that you never accomplish anything significant. In the beginning of the play Hamlet announces that he wants to kill his uncle, but when it comes down to it, he spends the entire play driving himself insane with the internal debate. In contrast, becoming only a human of action can result in almost hysterical behavior, and can lead to negative consequences, like murdering the father of the women you loved. The tragedy of Hamlet holds a great internal conflict as Hamlet contradicts himself many times throughout out the play and causes the unnecessary death of many of those around him.

Research On Stem Cell Therapy - 1547 Words

Research on stem cells has indicated new possible therapies and treatment for people with conditions that were once considered terminal. Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer s disease, and multiple sclerosis are a few of the many diseases that stem cells might be able to treat. Stem cells have the capability to repair heart muscle and neural tissues, improving the overall prognosis of the patient. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and mesenchymal stem cell therapy have shown promising results in clinical trials in reducing the effects of multiple sclerosis (Holloman, Ho, Hukki, Huntley, Gallicano, 2013). Although stem cells show potential in their capability to treat diseases, the cells are delicate, limiting the success of research and clinical trials. Meanwhile, stem cells need to be differentiated from the other tissues of the body, presenting a challenge of marking the cell while also maintaining their viability. Several imaging technologies are being utilize d to progress stem cell therapies. Such modalities include â€Å"positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), single photon emission CT (SPECT), ultrasound (US), bioluminescence imaging (BLI), fluorescence imaging (FLI), [and] magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),†(Cho, Wang, Mao, Chan, 2016) while â€Å"MRI and PET are the most widely investigated and developed†(Cho et al., 2016). Each imaging modality has their own advantages and disadvantages for delivering and tracking stem cells. TrackingShow MoreRelatedCell Research : Stem Cell Therapy1095 Words   |  5 Pagestime I heard about stem cell research, but I remember when it first stood out to me was when quarterback Peyton Manning went over to Europe to get stem cell therapy done on his neck to prevent him from getting surgery done. Stem cells offer much hope for medical advancement because of their ability to grow into almost any kind of cell. Stem cells are crucial to develop organisms. They are non-specialized cells which have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the bodyRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1450 Words   |  6 Pagesothers in need. Stem cell therapy is one of the new therapies that are used to treat a disease or prevent it. Bone marrow transplants are one type of therapy that has been used for the treatment of leukemia for a while now. 1,6Stem cell therapy is used to replace damaged, diseased, or malfunctioning cells anywhere in the body with healthy cells. When a stem cell is introduced to a specific part of the body, that stem cell receives signals that tell it how to mimic the other cells around it. OneRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Stem cells are homogeneous cells found in the human body which have potential to change into, or differentiate into a range of specific types of cells (Stoppler, 1996). The refurbishment and protection of many adult tissues are safeguarded by stem cells (SCs) which exist in the top of the cellular sorting section of these tissues (Beck, 2013). Practical assessments, such as transplantation, in vitro clonogenic assesses (technique used to study efficacy of exact agents in terms of theRead MoreT Cell Gene Therapy : The Center Of Research With Stem Cell Transfection In Geney Cells941 Words   |  4 PagesCCR5 co-receptor is not only the center of research with stem cell transplant, but has also been a recent target of gene therapy research. Gene therapy is a fairly new technology where genes (edited or normal) are transplanted in humans to produce a specific response. One avenue of research that is currently being studied is T cell gene editing focused on the CCR5 delta32 mutation in HIV infected patients using the CRISPR/cas9 system. There is some research using TALENS, but evidence with CRISPR/cas9Read MoreThe Human Genome Project : Hiv Cocktails, Stem Cell Research, Cancer Therapies And The List Goes On Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagessaid to be the best time to be human and to be alive compared to our history as people. We have seen the remarkable happen in the past 10 years within medical advances such as the discoveries of the Human Genome Project, HIV Cocktails, Stem Cell Research, Cancer Therapies and the list goes on. These medical advances have changed the face of humanity in all the right ways and our future generations have a fighting chance to proceed and enjoy the lives that we have provided for them. One of the greatestRead MoreStem Cell Classification Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pages Types and Classification of Stem cells Currently, stem cells are unspecialized cells in which have the capability to differentiate into other cell types. The National Institute of health explains that these cells are special in that they serve as internal repair systems replenishing other cells and manifesting into other cells such as muscle, blood, and brain (NIH, 2016). There are embryonic, tissue-specific, mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells, and can be obtained from a variety areasRead MoreStem Cancer Case Studies1698 Words   |  7 PagesInstead, they decided to use adult stem cells to try to open vessels towards the foot and increase the blood flow. She is now able to walk, jog, bicycle, and do countless other activities in her daily life that she wouldn’t have been able to do without this stem cell therapy. Another trial involved a 60-year-old man, who lived an active lifestyle. He had a degenerative joint disease, a 60% meniscus tear. They injected his knee twice over one year with stem cells and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP). ToRead MoreStem Cell Success or Moral Dilemma Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Stem cell research saved my life!† For some this is true, and for others its a moral infringement. For many religious groups this has been a very controversial, unethical way for scientist to commit murder in the name of science. On the contrary for those riddled with diseases its a chance at a new life. Scientist have come so far over the last few decades in their research, if we now stopped researching stem cell therapy, it would be an enfeeblement to medical technology. It is very importantRead MoreEssay about Leukemia And Stem Cells1172 Words   |  5 PagesToday, the topic of stem cells is a highly discussed, controversial one. It seems as though there is always someth ing being said about new findings in stem cell research and what will be done with the newly-found information. One of the most conversed aspects of stem cell research is how stem cells can be used to treat potentially life-threatening conditions. Leukemia is one of the conditions being researched along with how stem cell therapy could help benefit the patients with it. In order to fullyRead MoreStem Cells Research The Regeneration Of Medicine. Stem1526 Words   |  7 PagesStem Cells Research the Regeneration of Medicine Stem cells research is one of the most powerful areas of medicine that is both researched and passionately argued. The web page of National Institute of Health (NIH) describes that stem cells are unspecialized cells that are capable of renewing themselves through cell division and they can also be induced to become tissue or organ-specific cells with special functions. Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body

Definition and Examples of Particle Movement

Endothermic Reactions Demonstration

An endothermic process or reaction absorbs energy in the form of heat (endergonic processes or reactions absorb energy, not necessarily as heat). Examples of endothermic processes include the melting of ice and the depressurization of a pressurized can. In both processes, heat is absorbed from the environment. You could record the temperature change using a thermometer or by feeling the reaction with your hand. The reaction between citric acid and baking soda is a highly safe example of an endothermic reaction, commonly used as a chemistry demonstration. Demonstration Do you want a colder reaction? Solid barium hydroxide reacted with solid ammonium thiocyanate produces barium thiocyanate, ammonia gas, and liquid water. This reaction gets down to -20Â °C or -30Â °C, which is more than cold enough to freeze water. Its also cold enough to give you frostbite, so be careful! The reaction proceeds according to the following equation: Ba(OH)2.8H2O (s) 2 NH4SCN (s) -- Ba(SCN)2 (s) 10 H2O (l) 2 NH3 (g) Materials 32g barium hydroxide octahydrate17g ammonium thiocyanate (or could use ammonium nitrate or ammonium chloride)125-ml flaskStirring rod Instructions Pour the barium hydroxide and ammonium thiocyanate into the flask.Stir the mixture.The odor of ammonia should become evident within about 30 seconds. If you hold a piece of dampened litmus paper over the reaction you can watch a color change showing that the gas produced by the reaction is basic.Liquid will be produced, which will freeze into slush as the reaction proceeds.If you set the flask on a damp block of wood or piece of cardboard while performing the reaction you can freeze the bottom of the flask to the wood or paper. You can touch the outside of the flask, but dont hold it in your hand while performing the reaction.After the demonstration is completed, the contents of the flask can be washed down the drain with water. Do not drink the contents of the flask. Avoid skin contact. If you get any solution on your skin, rinse it off with water.

The Death Penalty Of The United States - 1746 Words

Weren’t we taught as little kids that revenge is never the answer? Then why is there such thing as a death penalty? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. This is what is stated in the 14th amendment of the Bill of Rights. So why is there still a death penalty in the United States? The first laws created towards the death penalty dates back as far as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which allowed the death penalty to be carried out for 25 different crimes. In these early times death sentences were done by means of crucifixion, drowning, beating to death, burning alive, and impalement. Newer ways to approach the death penalty, more nineteenth century, include hanging, electric chair, gas chamber, and lethal injection. What do all these methods have in common? Well, they are all used to execute an individual who has committed an extremely wrongful crime when there are be tter ways to deal with such individuals. Capital punishment is barbaric and serves against what is stated in the Bill of Rights. There are numerous reasons why the death penalty should be removed from the 32 states that still allow it. To prepare, in 1834, Pennsylvania was the first state to end public execution, moving executions into confined correctional facilities. Skip forward to 1890, when the electric chair is first used for an execution on William Kemmler. Skip forward again to 1907-1917Show MoreRelatedThe United States Of The Death Penalty894 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America has been influenced by the Britain’s use of death penalty when Europeans first settled into the new world. Majority of the states still carry out executions, and there are hundreds of people that are on a death row sentence. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty, and Criminal Justice Legal Foundation are two opposing organizations. The NCADP is against the death penalty while the CJLF is for the death penalty. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death PenaltyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States1733 Words   |  7 Pagesanswer? Then why is there such thing as a death penalty? Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. This is what is stated in the 14th amendment of the Bill of Rights. So why is there still a death penalty in the United States? The first laws created towards the death penalty go as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which allowed the death penalty to be carried out for 25 different crimesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States948 Words   |  4 Pages The death penalty is a huge controversy in the United States. There are many different feelings regarding the death penalty. Some feel like it is the easy way out for people who have committed heinous acts, and others feel like it is the perfect justice for those individuals. An argument mad e by the website ListVerse explained, that people teach their children not to steal, or commit crimes because they will be sent to prison and punished (ListVerse). Completing their argument, the same websiteRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States1520 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of the death penalty in the United States has always been a controversial topic. The death penalty, also known as Capital Punishment, is a legal process where a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a heinous crime. The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual enforcement is an execution (Bishop 1). Over the years, most of the world has abolished the death penalty. But the United States government, and a majority of itsRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The United States3694 Words   |  15 PagesThe death penalty, as we know it today, didn’t exist in the United States until 1976. However, the American penal system has incor porated capital punishment since the earliest settlements were founded in the early 1600’s. The first recorded execution in the United States occurred in 1608 in Jamestown, Virginia when Captain George Kendall was executed just one year after the Jamestown settlement had been established after he had been convicted of being a spy for Spain (Part I: History of the DeathRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The United States Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesUpon completing a forum post in a Sociology class this semester I was given the task to watch a documentary discussion the death penalty in the United States. After watching several short films that include testimonies of the death row exonerate s, I learned of just how easily these innocent people were almost murdered by a system that you and I are funding. The victims go on not only to tell of their own suffering but also the horror that their families endured. Many of them had several executionRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of The U nited States2912 Words   |  12 Pages The death penalty was introduced to The United States by Britain. There have been over 14,000 executions in The United States since 1608. In 2011, 36 states held 3,158 inmates under the death sentence. Hanging, firing squad, the gas chamber, the electric chair, and lethal injections are all methods that are and were used in the history of The United States. Many individuals do not realize what the prisoners go through before getting executed. They also do not know whatRead MoreThe Death Penalty And The Safety Of The United States1180 Words   |  5 Pagessystem was made to protect the rights and the safety of the citizens of the United States, It was created to have justice in the United States, But even then it has some flaws. Three of the faults I decided to discuss about are the death penalty, Issues within prison for example; weapons and riots, and high incarceration rates. The death penalty is just one of many faults in the justice system. It is legal in 31 states such as Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, FloridaRead MoreThe Death Penalty During The United States Essay2246 Words   |  9 PagesThe death penalty in the United States can be traced all the way to early American history when it was under the colonial rule of Britain. Though in early history the death penalty was used for even menial crimes such as burglary, capital punishment in the United States is currently used for only the most heinous crimes, such as first degree murder, rape, treason, or espionage. Because the nation was unified under similar Christian beliefs, there was no question of how death could be the worst punishmentRead MoreShould The United States Allowed The Death Penalty?962 Words   |  4 PagesWith all the jails in the United States being overcrowded with convicts with serious crimes, and doing life without parole. I start to wonder what the impact would be if the United States allowed the death penalty to be used in all fifty states? First, I needed to view into other countries and examine why they still allow to have capital punishment in their country. Out of 196 countries in the world only 58 of those countries still embrace capital punishment. China is at the top of the list that

How to Survive Your Freshman Year in College Free Essays

How to Survive Freshman Year in College College is the perfect intersection of freedom and young adulthood. Never again will a person be allowed to have that much fun while being responsible for so little. But as generations of students have learned the hard way, it’s easy to get overwhelmed by that freedom and go overboard. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Survive Your Freshman Year in College or any similar topic only for you Order Now Students who’d never had a problem doing homework find themselves failing tests when there’s no one around to motivate them to attend class. People who’d always managed to have a thriving social life discover they’re constantly in solitary. It’s a fun but intimidating time, and the best way to get the most out of freshman year is to remember a few key things meet new people, go to the library, don’t go crazy during the week, go to class, and get involved in a club. Meeting new people is probably the most important step in order to have a successful first year at college, and it is also probably one of the easiest. It doesn’t matter if you’re living in a dorm or living with your parents, there are plenty of ways to meet some people that share common interests. For starters, there are anywhere from 10-200 other people in your classes. Start talking to your neighbor. Not only can they help get through the long hour of your horrible class, but also you might have something in common with them. Also, go to the library with this person and cram for the final together. Who knows, the two of you might just stay in contact once the semester is over! ?  ? Upon hearing the word â€Å"library†, what probably comes to mind is, â€Å"That’s the last place I’m going to go† but, reconsider that thought. Trying to study in a dorm can be distracting, and studying at your house can be even harder because this is your â€Å"comfort zone†. In the library, the only distraction you’ll have is the cute boy sitting at the table across. And, if a snack is needed, there is a coffee shop located inside of the library. ?  ? I know it’s temping, but try not to go to parties or the club during the week. It is really easy to get behind on schoolwork, and by going to the parties and clubs only makes the situation worse. College is a lot different that high school, which means effort, has to actually be put in to all of the work that is done. Two days are given to celebrate all of your hard work, sleep in, and forget what was being studied in Biology class. Once Monday arrives, though, what time your class starts better be remembered! The thing that everyone complained about most in high school was the attendance policy. Now that you’re in college, not all professors take roll however, they will do things to make sure everyone attends. For example, a professor might give out a â€Å"pop quiz† ten times during the semester. This, in turn, will count for 100 points. Imagine getting a zero on a test you’d probably have a heart attack. Other professors will not post the lecture notes on their website, which intervenes with studying for the final. Bottom line: go to class and your GPA will reflect your effort. The old saying is true â€Å"Time flies when you’re having fun! † Getting involved in a club or activity will make the semester go by so much quicker. There are always booths on the promenade that are promoting clubs, and this is a good way to get more information on them. This is also another great way to meet people. At the end of the year, you should realize that you survived your freshman year! Making that adjustment from high school to college can be treacherous, but don’t lose heart or give up. Even though it will be stressful, much different than what was expected, and there will be times when you will want to give up, college actually is fun. They say these are the best times of our lives, and this saying is only true if the best is made of it. How to cite How to Survive Your Freshman Year in College, Essay examples

Catholic Social Teaching Concepts for Dignity - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCatholic Social Teaching Concepts for Dignity. Answer: Introduction Catholic social teachings embrace matters of human dignity and the common good for the people at large. The ideological precepts underpin areas of oppression, role of state, subsidiary social organization and concern for social good. It embeds 9 principles which guide the social good for the society, (Byron, 1998). The principles base its framework on of practical reflection and realities of modern life. The principles incorporate the following; Human dignity Principle CST incorporates the perspective of human view. It likens the human being as being in the likeness of God, and the value the human beings possess as being the dignity of a person, who is not only something but someone. Human being nature as described portrays people as having ability of self knowledge, having self possession and free giving of themselves entering the common unions of them. It is with this view that portrays humans as being made in the likeness of God though Christ redemption. The body of catholic social thoughts gives a leeway for human person, by attributing individuals having dignity. The principle gives the human to claim membership in social community networks and human life. Principle of respect for human life Respect of human life is seen from the point of view of conception period and has the inherent dignity and right of life to be consistent with humanity. Stages of human growth are precious and distinct thus deserves protection and respect. Thus it is not right to victimize human life. Hence human should be respected. Catholicism opposes acts which affront human life. These acts include abortion, fornication acts, euthanasia, genocide and torture. A case example is Pope objections of death penalty as it contradicts the sanctity and respect for human life. The principle of association The traditions have always put the sense of proclaim that a person is not only sacred but also socially active. The way we organize the community and the political society, economical metrics, policy framework and respect of human life and the individual capacity for communal growth should accord respect. It underpins the centrepiece of the society as one family and deserves respect.. The associations of other persons social contexts protect dignity and promote the common good. The principle of participation It holds on the notion that that people have the duty to participate and seeking together for the common good. The human person has the opportunity to ensure that they participate in ensuring fulfilment of human life. Without participation, benefits of an individual participation in social networks cannot be realised. The principle of preferential protection for the poor With the current society faced with sharp divisions between the poor and the rich, the Catholicism traditions instructs us on the study of last judgement and gives specific instructions in putting the needs of the poor and the vulnerable first. This is due to the need for the society for the common good for the whole society. There is need for good for all and the common good to prevail with protection directed to those adversely affected in the society. Hence there is need to offer balance for the whole community so as not to detriment the whole society. The principle of solidarity The catholic social teaching embraces the teachings of being brothers keeper. There is need to learn the virtues of solidarity and loving our neighbours so as to achieve the global dimension. Solidarity embeds itself standings on the preserved determining to committing self towards the common good. The principle of stewardship The Catholicism traditions insist on acts of showing respect through our stewardship acts. The steward has been defined as a manager. With the current world of rising conciseness on physical environments, the tradition urges us to view and have social protection to the environment The principle of subsidiary The essence of subsidiary covers aspects of the responsibilities and boundaries of government and the roles of voluntary associations. The principle of subsidiary puts forward the limit that a higher organizational framework should perform the functions handled efficiently and effectively in the lower levels of organizations through human persons on who are closer to the environment which they live. With this view oppressive governments and states are always in deep violation of the principle of subsidiary, while overacting governments are violating this principle. Common good Principle The tenets of common aspects practice entail the social structuring which allow humans to exceed the ability in ensuring the common good for human dignity of life. With the current needs of human beings, there is need for framework that promotes human growthacross various boundaries. The absent nature of our sensitivity is the common good. The sense of the community has continued to eroded, signifying signs of the assistance the community needs. Thus a proper communitarian approach is the antidote in individualism, which has destroyed the common personal relations, destroyed balance, harmony and peace of the human beings. Thus it is with these precepts that the rights and duties of groups must be harmonised under the common good. The relationship of self and community Domains above on Catholic social teachings, upholds concepts of the relationship of individuals and community angles. It has been illustrated throughout the world. A case example is like the African Bantus, with the existence of culture on the notion thought of Ubuntu. This is basically a reference on , I am what I am because of who we all are, (ACU, 2016a). In ensuring full comprehension of the relationship of self and community, the urgency to first understand the concept of growth. For humans to grow, one needs first engage with physiological, psychological, emotional and social needs. Effective family networks, friendships and employment opportunities have been the defining aspects linked to flourishing, (CAFOD, 2010). For flourishing to be effective there is need for more aspects to pleasure or short term happiness. It incorporates the aspects of living virtues and meaningful life. This is a critical relationship between self and community, (Aristotle, Ross Brown, 2009 ). The philosophies of scholars such as Ubuntu and Aristotle all have a common standing that human life is a social orientation. Aristotle description of person as a social being while the Zulu norms points that individual persons through other persons, (Boudreu., 2012). Relationship of Catholic Social Teachings, self and community Underpinning rules of catholic social teachings are geared strengthening and enabling the structure of the build relationship of individuals and communities and ensuring that societies are nature and are aligned to the state of enhancing relationship. The underlying principles of dignity, human personality, common good and peace promotion aim to provide crucial framework which interpersonal relationships are built and maintained, (ACU, 2016a). The human personality is a branch of the society and flourishing aspects is linked on the flourishing of the other. Catholic social teachings thus provide a unifying ground for philosophical capacity of laying framework of individuals and communities in ensuring the sense of human and caring aspects. References AFOD. (2010). Headline findings from a survey of the public conducted on behalf of CAFOD, Theos and Tearfund. Retrieved from https://catholicsocialteachingorg.uk Aristotle, Ross, D. Brown, L. (2009). The nicomachean ethics. Retrieved from https://www.ebrary.com Aristotle, Ross, D. Brown, L. (2009). The nicomachean ethics. Retrieved from https://www.ebrary.com Australia Catholic Social Justice Council. (2016). Catholic Social Teaching. Retrieved from https://www.socialjustice.catholic.org.au/socialteaching Australian Catholic University. (2016a). 2.1. What do people say about ubuntu? Retrieved from UNCC100 Unit Materials Australian Catholic University. (2016b). 4.3 Human flourishing and reciprocity. Retrieved from UNCC100 Unit Materials Australian Catholic University. (2016a). 2.1. What do people say about ubuntu? Retrieved from UNCC100 Unit Materials Australian Catholic University. (2016b). 4.3 Human flourishing and reciprocity. Retrieved from UNCC100 Unit Materials Australian Catholic University. (2016c). 2.3 Relationships between individual and society. Retrieved From UNCC100 Unit Material Boudreau, J. (2012). Ubuntu "I am what I am because of who we all are". Retrieved from https://www.motivationinspirationandlife.wordpress.com Byron, W. J. (1998). Ten building blocks of Catholic social teaching. AMERICA-NEW YORK-, 179, 9-12. CAFOD. (2010). Headline findings from a survey of the public conducted on behalf of CAFOD, Theos and Tearfund. Retrieved from https://catholicsocialteachingorg.uk

Ethics And Professional Practice Assignment- Free Sample

Abstract The dynamics of the business and the environment has changed in last decade. There have been cases where the attention has been drawn on the scandals, and issues in the governance due to unethical behaviour of the employees. The idea behind this research paper is to draw the attention on the modes in which the ethics of the employees can be measured and governed. The research takes into consideration the myths associated with the ethics and the management and leadership to govern the culture. The research recommends proactive approach by the leaders for the issues. Introduction There have been numerous instances in the twenty first century that has resulted in the losses expanding to millions due to the unethical behaviour of the employees. These problems have again made the researchers think about the issues related to ethics and the behaviour of the employees coupled with the responses of managers to deal with these problems (Robinson Bennett, 2000 pg 351). The research paper discusses about the research paper of Trevino and Nelson (2014 pg 14) about bad apples, and the identification of these bad apples for the betterment of the organization. However the study will also take into account the fact whether the removal of the employee is the right approach or some more can be done to eradicate this problem (Robinson Bennett, 2000 pg 353). There have been some elements and the factors that are associated from being ethical and that will be discussed in the course of this essay. Organizational Culture Creating Pressure One of the most critical elements of the ethical or non ethical behaviour is the pressure that is built by the organizations and its culture at large. There are pressures on the work environment that results in the decisions to be taken for the benefit of the organization and increasing its profitability. However ignoring the organizational context in being ethical is not right. There will always be pressures from the organization that will force a person to behave in a unethical manner (Jones, 2009 pg 533). Though identification of these improper behaviours is a must, it is not wise to say that the only problem that is created in the organization is by the employees. It has been noted in various researches that sometimes doing the right thing as per the leaders and bosses perceptions may result in the unethical behaviour from individuals end (Acquino, et al. 1999 pg 1088). In some cases the pressure to perform is to much a lure for the people to behave unethically. Unethical Behaviour and Bad Apples The theory of bad apples suggests that the unethical behaviour is the factor that is due to the bad apples. Removal of these bad apples causes the removal of the problems of the organization. The idea behind this theory was that the removal of bad apples causes the removal of the organizational problems and the leader will be able to clean it (Trevino et al.2003, p. 35). The debate has been whether the removal of the bad apples results in the ending of the problems and the issues of the ethics that are there in the organization. However, it has been noted that this is not the case, as there are always external environment that act as the barrier for the ethical behaviour. Therefore to blame the employees for the problems is not the right way to looking at things (Trevino et al. 1999 p. 150). Ethical Leadership Components An appropriate conduct for inducing ethical behaviour is required in the case of the organization. The role of the ethical leader is to create the code of conduct for the employees and creating effective communication. The reinforcement of the codes and conducts is also required so that the two way decision making is done (Brown et al. 2000 p.120). It is important for the leader to be ethical himself and the people should view the leader as being honest, and a person who can be trusted. Van den Akker et al. (2009) mentioned that the ethical leader is one who is able to lead by example and set the bars of ethics higher. He should make the employees follow. The people should be able to change there working and ethics so that the bad apples are turned good (Dalal, 2005 pg 1252). It is important that the leader is able to judge the misbehaviour that can hurt the organizational objectives (Vardi Wiener, 1996 pg 155). The basic factor in the organizational judgement that included the find ing of the bad apples that are responsible for the dent in the ethics, is also to find the route cause for the issues. Kalshoven et al. (2011) that the leader should be ethical in finding these causes that is helpful for the change in work behaviour in the positive manner. The stimulation for the unethical work is reduced if the leader is ethical and tries and tries and create effective communication to reduce theproblems. (Mayer et al. 2009, pg 12). There have been experiments that have found that the problem with the ethical standards and meeting is sometimes created by the leader himself (Lasthuizen, 2008). In some cases the people do not know that the work they are doing is unethical in nature and therefore causes the organization to suffer (Milgram 1974). The experiments by Milgram (1974) showed that the in case of some authoritative figure giving instruction to the employees to act in a unethical manner, chances were that the instruction was followed by the individual. The researches have shown that there is a definite level of discomfort in some cases that was caused of wrong doings in a pressure (Hogg et al. 2004 p.251). Conclusion The study clearly indicates that several factors are included in the person to behave unethically in the organization. The discussion of the employees and their behaviour to cheat or act in a unethical manner is sometimes governed by the culture of that organization. The employee acts and works in a manner in which its environment asks for. Therefore the onus is on various factors rather than only on the problems related to the employees being unethical. In order to curb the situations and causes of the unethical behaviour, it is important that the leader is ethical himself and trustworthy. He should be able to communicate with the employees and set the code of conduct for them, which should also be implemented in a time based manner. The role of the leader is therefore critical and he should be able to judge and correct the behaviours of the employees. The study also highlighted that the pressure on the employees the leader should be ethical in finding these causes that is helpful for the change in work behaviour in the positive manner. The stimulation for the unethical work is reduced if the leader is ethical and tries and tries and create effective communication to reduce the problems (Mayer et al. 2009, pg 12). There have been experiments that have found that the problem with the ethical standards and meeting is sometimes created by the leader himself (Lasthuizen, 2008). In some cases the people do not know that the work they are doing is unethical in nature and therefore causes the organization to suffer (Milgram 1974). The experiments by Milgram (1974) showed that the in case of some authoritative figure giving instruction to the employees to act in a unethical manner, chances were that the instruction was f ollowed by the individual. The researches have shown that there is a definite level of discomfort in some cases that was caused of wrong doings in a pressure (Hogg et al. 2004 p. 251).

Using Anthropology Comparison Sample Essay

Using Anthropology Comparison Sample EssaySo you are trying to decide on what Anthropology Comparison Sample Essay is the right one for you. Well, if you are just starting out in this field, you want to be sure that your goal is to become a professor and it is not just a hobby. Many other things come into play, including being recognized by your colleagues in your area, and being able to live your life more comfortably as an independent scholar. When you are looking for an essay to assist you with this, you want to make sure that you get one that is appropriate for your needs.When you find one, you will realize that the choice is more difficult than you might have thought. The first thing that you will want to do is determine what kind of reader this essay is going to be targeted towards. If you are working on the general undergraduate population, a longer essay may be needed. However, if you are considering a PhD, then you may want to make sure that you go with a shorter essay.If yo u are trying to go with an undergrad population, you will want to think about what the subject of the essay is. In many cases, students will read on to figure out who they are and what they want to do after graduation. You can also look at what particular fields of study the person is most familiar with. This can be especially important if you are writing an essay for a teacher.If you are writing the essay for a professor, then you may want to narrow it down to just the faculty level. If you are going to a university, you will probably have to do more extensive research to determine how to write it. If you are writing for the professor at your department, though, you will have a better idea. The choice will largely be based on your own judgment and expertise.As you are reading and working through the different fields, you will probably be surprised to see just how much variation there really is. One can have a real difficult time trying to find the topics and examples that would wor k for each person. It is best to just stick with the ones that you are most familiar with and see what happens as you go along.While you are doing this, you will want to have some examples of the topics that you need to write about. With so many different examples of what could happen in a given case, you will be able to keep your focus on the things that really matter to the person. Also, you will be able to build upon what you already know and that can lead to a powerful connection in your writing. Having these example points can help you get started and stay on track to your final goal.You will need to spend some time learning all of this information. You will also need to make sure that you have a great attitude and that you do not lose sight of your goal. The sooner you start, the sooner you will be able to realize your dream.

Aggression essays

Aggression essays Jimmy Wylie Nurture plays a much larger role in the development of aggression in ones personality then that of nature. Green (http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap7/) defines aggression in terms of four basic elements: 1) delivery of a harmful stimulus or stimuli (i.e. an insult, kick, ect.) to another person, 2) an intent to harm another person, 3) a belief that an action will be effective, and 4) a target who is motivated to avoid being harmed. Human aggression seems to universally effects humans as a species. However there are some societies, like that of the United States who are much more affected by both internal and international aggression. Psychology Today (http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap7/) asked, If you could secretly push a button and thereby eliminate any persons with no repercussions to yourself, would you press that button? 69% of American males and 56% of American females said they would. There are many theories which argue that aggression is a natural aspect but there is just t oo much evidence that argues aggression as being a product of socialization. Most of the arguments siding that aggression is a natural behaviour are just theories and ideas with little or no fact in them. These arguments tend to blame aggression on insanity and mental illnesses. On the other hand, these theorists state that acts of aggression are done from observing others and seeing their successes and the benefits aggression brings. This is easily shown though family life and is extremely evident in the media. Some others argue that aggression can be a way of trying to gain attention. At a very young age influences with aggression can deeply affect the way ones personality develops. As stated earlier the theories arguing that aggression is a natural part of a humans personality use mental dysfunctions in an attempt to prove this. For example; Charles Whitman killed his wife and...

The night of Halloween Essays

The night of Halloween Essays The night of Halloween Essay The night of Halloween Essay The Night Before Halloween It was the night before Halloween we were all getting ready for the schools annual halloween party, which iVe been going to since I could go. My friends and I are going to be vampires. When my friends get here we are going to walk to the school. I should tell you before i go that there is this house on my street which is believed to be Haunted. I have heard from some of the teacher that three kids went in there and never came out. . lncoming call. Meet me at the old farm house, the night before Halloween. At 12:00 exactly. you are the one then you know where it is. Dont tell anyone. Bring your closes friends, but dont tell your Mother, or else. Im watching you. End of Call.. Two Days till Halloween. My Friends are here. I told my mother that we are going to the school for the Halloween party but really we are going to The old farm house to see what that person whats with us. The Phone call he gave me was so creepy I Just didnt k now how to respond with that. I have been thinking about telling the police but he said dont tell anyone not even your mother or else. I was thinking about the or else part wondering what it meant. Llke would he hurt my mother or me or my friends. Im not sure, but what i am sure of is that he gives me the creeps. Have you heard the saying Dont want to meet them in a dark alley. Well thats exactly what i am doing pretty much. Its scary to think of but i got to do what I got to do. THE DAY BEFORE HALLOWEEN. TONIGHT I HAVE to goto THE FARM HOUSE TO MEET THE PHONE CALLING GUY, TO SEE WHAT HE WANTS. IM SO scared to meet him and see what he wants. 10:00, I have two hours till i have to meet him. :50. My friends are here we are ready to go. i am shaking well we are walking to the house. My friends are right by my side. As we head towards the house i see a light go on and i feel like turning back. we have to go in. as we walk in we hear someone say Say goodbye girls, To your life. hahahahah. We had left the door open. When we walked in i could ghastly she a figure right in front of us, there wasnt Just one there was thr ee men in the room. I was about to yell run but didnt because I knew they would hurt us. So, I didnt. Hello. What did you want with us? WHAT DO I WANT WITH YOU. NOTHING. BUT THERE IS SOMEONE WHO DOES. SHOW YOUR SELF. HEY, GIRLS. THE VOCIE SOUNDED FAMILIAR, BUT JUST COULD NOT PUT A FINGER ON IT. DO YOU recognize ME. Im Mr. White.. You guys nave been very bad students, and i dont plan on telling your parents and fixing this. Im not fixing this problem Im ending it. I am not sure what he, but i know it is not good, he never treated us very good either. Put them in the room. the room what is that? To be continue

Business Environment and Investment Climate Coursework

Business Environment and Investment Climate - Coursework Example There are other alternatives to a market system that human societies have tried in the past and which turned out worse in the long run in several respects, such as allocating scarce resources or fully satisfying the needs of the people. One alternative that failed is the market in a command-and-control economy which existed in communist countries until the early 1990s, where the government bureaucracy determined the types, prices, and quantities to be sold. The government commanded companies to produce what it thought the market would buy. This worked for a time, but in the long run the goods turned out to be of poor quality, and the people tired of consuming the same items (food, cars, television sets, or clothes). Producers were not motivated to improve the quality of their goods, because they did not enjoy marginal benefits from doing so since the government dictated the price, and therefore the profits that could be earned. Without such incentives, productivity collapsed. When these economies were closed, government allocated scarce resources depending on what they thought the market wanted. ... Without such incentives, productivity collapsed. When these economies were closed, government allocated scarce resources depending on what they thought the market wanted. It turned out that instead of putting resources to best use, these were being wasted as resources were used to produce goods the market did not want to buy. In a market system that is "relatively" free, where buyers and sellers dictate the price and quantity of each good bought or sold, each party has an incentive to get the best value. Buyers want to pay as low as possible, whilst sellers want to get the highest profit for their good. Each tries to beat the market. Millions of goods bought and sold means there are millions of pricing and quantity decisions made by buyers and sellers. This is the so-called market mechanism, an "invisible hand" that guides decision-making freely so that scarce resources are eventually utilised efficiently. In the market system, the prices and quantities of goods bought and sold reach a point of equilibrium where just enough goods are bought and sold at a certain price, and when prices or quantities change, the supply and demand of goods change with it. What is the relation of a market system to the investment climate If the market system operates relatively freely, then investors can make their own decisions as to how many to produce and what price to charge. Investors want to make profits, and they do not want anyone other than the buyers of the goods to dictate at what price they can sell and how many to sell. In general, they prefer that they enter markets where they can compete on the basis of price and quality,

By suggesting the kinds of defense mechanisms that deadened human Essay

By suggesting the kinds of defense mechanisms that deadened human responses to horror, Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber, - Essay Example In 1923, Germany’s economy was in succession and its goods were sold abroad to secure the nations’ exports abroad. The industries that bribed politicians got bankrupt and people had to claim their jobs by working without being paid making them frustrated in the process. The situation in German’s economic sector was not well planned thus it affected the country greatly. This was because competition in the economy was rapidly increasing leading to a split in the government’s authority. This led to power sharing within the government, and the Germans were not contented with it because they got direct opposition from Berlin thus the parties become democratic champions as they were running the economy. It was believed in 1933 that the German government was collapsing as Franklin Roosevelt was not able to solve the crisis that was befalling them because the country was bankrupt and needed a lot of money for the top. Hitler came into power and had to make the eco nomy rise from its bankruptcy, by recruiting new members to direct them in SA. Hitler knew that he was making rushed decisions, and it was a hard task for him to accomplish alone, therefore help was required. Hitler transformed Germany into structures of the state, social law and the constitution of the society to attain his goal of stabilizing the state and free his nation from foreign powers and maintain geography at large. This was a mechanism that deadened human responses to horror as he grabbed the people unaware (Hunt, 625). The sanctions and poor economy convinced citizens that Hitler was not serious with stabilizing the economy because they were bankrupt. He made improvements in the government leading to a rise in the economy as he was obliged to pick his cabinet of National Socialists. Afterwards, Hitler came into power in a democratic way because he had stabilized the economy of the state without seeking help. All this led to an improved economy since profit rose above the minimal stabilizer. That was incredible and made anti-Nazi historians give up because of the defeat they had received from Hitler’s revolution that had brought changes to Germany. Hitler obtained plenary power that made him the nation’s supreme democratic making the Germans view him as a legend. During the First World War, Feldmarschall was fond of traditions, and Hitler wanted the traditions to take place so as to see the Reichstag to convince them (Hunt, 641). Germany was on top of the Reichswehr, which was an object of Hitler to courtship. Hitler appointed a chancellor without asking opinion from the rest of the committee and they got angry as it was done without their consent. Feldmarschall sent General von Hammerstein Equord who came to Hindenburg of general staff and disapproved. Hitler and Dr. Goebbels had taken control of nation radio and making it their tool to broadcast power hitherto. Hitler was carefully planning and managing soldiers for the great renewal as many government officials, army officers, lawyers and judges had abandoned their work. Hitler wanted to acquire officials and rectify the Reichstag. This would establish authority to govern virtual dictatorship to gain powers lawfully as the Germans constitution had amended. Hitler won the elections and Germany national government came up with a solution against political particulars. His intention was to devise plans from retirement

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay Environmental issues become global issues because the effect of the environmental problem goes beyond national boundaries. Thus, environmental issues are common concerns and every country has a responsibility to tackle the problem. One of the environmental problems is global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 in order to mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas that can endanger human life. Principally, the Convention attempted to reduce the emissions that can trigger the gradual warming of the atmosphere. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the Third Conference of the Parties as a legally binding treaty. In the Kyoto Protocol, the ratified countries have to commit to a target to reduce their emissions. By countries to reducing emissions in concert, it is expected that the issue of climate change and its impact on the earth can be addressed. After more than a decade, the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol as a global environmental regime to address climate change is still questioned. This essay argues that the Kyoto Protocol is not effective enough to tackle global warming. The argument will be based on the examination of two issues in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the issue of participation will be discussed, especially the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). Secondly, the issue of participation will be linked to the compliance issue in the Kyoto Protocol. In this section, this essay will look at the effectiveness of three mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol: emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The Kyoto Protocol Environmental damage caused by pollution does not recognize national boundaries and has to be addressed by combined action of multiple states. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported the scientific findings about the actual threat to the earth were caused by the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). GHG will cover the atmosphere and eventually block solar radiation. This will cause an increase of the earths temperature and result in climate change, such as unpredictable and extreme weather, floods, and storms. The scientific findings recommend to maintain the increase of temperature below 20C by limiting the concentration of CO2 on the atmosphere below 550 ppm (Baylis et al. 2008: 361). Notwithstanding keeping the increase of temperature below 20C, scientists believe that the climate change would still bring mostly negative effects to human life (Scott 2004: 271). These scientific findings force all nations to cooperate to mitigate climate change. The UNFCCC was established at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 as an international action to address climate change. The UNFCCC was non-binding agreement to encourage state parties to cut their gas emission. Then, the Third Conference of the Parties on December 11, 1997, successfully negotiated the Kyoto Protocol as the first binding international agreement to mitigate global warming by targeting emission reduction of states (Scott 2004: 273). The Kyoto Protocol was signed by most states, but the process of ratification was not easy. Article 24(1) of the Kyoto Protocol stated that the Protocol was opened for signature from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. According to Article 25(1) of the Kyoto Protocol, the Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. (Scott 2006: 637-638) The United States represents 36.1 per cent of Annex I emissions, Russia represents 17.4 per cent, and Japan, Australia, Canada and the rest of Annex I countries represent below 10 per cent. With that composition, the United States and the Russian Federation ratification became significant for the Kyoto Protocol to be enforced. Although the United States signed the Protocol it is opposed to bringing the Kyoto Protocol to the Senate for ratification. Consequently, the ratification of the Russian Federation became crucial to fulfil at least 55 per cent of the total emission of Annex I countries as stated in the article 25(1) (Doelle 2005: xv). The Russian Federation did ratify the Protocol and it was enforced on February 16, 2005. According to UNFCCC, there are 191 parties in the Kyoto Protocol and the total percentage of Annex I parties emissions is 63.7 per cent (UNFCCC). Participation The climate change issue is not only about emission reduction. The issue involves many other aspects, such as transportation, agriculture, and energy security. Thus, addressing climate change will eventually point to the structural inequalities in wealth, income and power between the North and the South (Gupta in Hisschemà ¶ller and Gupta 1999: 154). Encouraging participation from all developed and developing countries is one difficulty in creating an effective climate change regime. The basis for implementing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) is to encourage the cooperation of all states to promote effective action on global issue, such as climate change (Cullet 2003: 16). However, the application of the CDR principle has its own obstacles. As stated above, the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol refers to the minimum role of developing countries to the reduction of GHG emissions, particularly regarding the principle of CDR. Developing countries recognize two principles in environmental law: the common heritage of mankind (CHM) and the common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) between nations. CHM is the first principle used by developing countries to assert justice on resource exploitation. However, the CHM principle is less significant (Duff in Okereke 2008: 8) than the CDR principle in negotiating environmental law. Thus, this essay only discusses the CDR principle in the climate change regime. Common is to recognize that all states have the same environmental risks to face, but the responsibility to address the problems is differentiated among countries, particularly between developed and developing countries (Stone 2004: 277). According to Okereke, from the perspective of international law, the CDR principle has culpability and capability dimensions. The first dimension refers to history and emphasizes that most of the current environmental problems were caused by the development of the North, particularly in the era of industrialization. That dimension is closely related to the dimension of capability. Because of that development, developed countries are now more capable than developing countries, in term of technology and financial resources (Okereke 2008: 32). Thus, article 4 of the UNFCCC adopts the CDR principle to acknowledge that developed countries have more responsibilities and should take the lead in dealing with climate change. Making the environmental issue a global priority would distract developing countries from their development which could make them reluctant to join the Kyoto Protocol. The CDR principle resolves this issue because it bridges the notions of environmental protection and the need of development by the South, or developing countries (Najam 2005: 308). Therefore, the CDR principle has two implications in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol have commitments in reducing emissions while the developing countries are excused from the effort to reduce their emissions. Secondly, the developed countries are expected to provide technological and financial assistance to developing countries in order to meet the recommended amount of emission reduction and also to reduce the possible social and economic impacts on developing countries when they are fulfilling their voluntary commitment (Cullet 2003: 70-71). The implications of the CDR principle are demonstrated b y the provision of financial and technological assistance under the Kyoto Protocol. The application of the CDR principle into policy instruments of the Kyoto Protocol is challenging. The United States as the largest emitter in the world rejects those two implications of the CDR principle as stated above. This opposition is based on the view that although developed countries are the largest producers of GHG, new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, that also produce large amount of GHG emissions, should not be ignored. China, which is included in the grouping of developing countries, is the second largest which produce of GHG emissions (Harris 1999: 31). Therefore, the United States is of the view that the large developing countries should give the similar contributions as the Annex I countries to prevent the high increases of GHS emissions in the next decades (Scholtz 2008: 127). The unwillingness of the United States as the largest producer of GHG emissions, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol results in the Protocols lack of legitimacy. This is worsened by the reluctance of the developing countries to reduce their emissions before the developed countries show progress (Harris 1999: 33-34). Thus, the Kyoto Protocol will only be effective if all parties are willing to participate. This means the United States must agree to have a binding commitment for reducing its emissions and the developing countries should agree to have a voluntarily commitment to cut their increasing emissions (Scholtz 2008: 128). According to Downs, determinants for the regimes legitimacy are democratic decision-making, high consensus standard, and the degree of distributive fairness embodied in standards (Downs 2000: 27). The debate between developed and developing countries over the CDR principle shows that the climate change regime lacks consensus. In this case, it shows that developing cou ntries are distrustful of the Kyoto Protocol by believing that it is only aimed for the developed countries benefit (Downs 2000: 27). The lack of consensus will influence the issue of participation and compliance and at the end, the Kyoto Protocol will become ineffective as a binding treaty to solve global environmental problems. Compliance The issue of participation is closely related to the issue of compliance and both will influence the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. When the highest sovereignty is the state, it is difficult to enforce international law. Scott argues that the lack of an international police force to enforce compliance makes international law is only politically effective (Scott 2004: 7). If the compliance mechanism in international law is effective, then on the one hand many countries will be willing to participate in the treaty. On the other hand, they would rather not participate in the treaty than breach their obligations (Vezirgiannidou 2009: 42). Becoming a non-compliant state will risk its image in the international community. In environmental law, particularly under the climate change regime, this essay would argue that lack of capacity and the idea of a free rider are the reasons for the issue of non-compliance in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, one possibility is that the states, mostly developing countries, intend to comply with the treaty, but they do not have enough resources and the capacity to fulfil the requirements. In this case of non-compliance, assistance would be needed rather than penalty to increase their compliance with the treaty (Young in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 43). Another possibility is that the states would prefer to spend their resources for other priorities, such as their basic needs, than for climate mitigation (Doelle 2005: 116). Thus, the principle of assistance is to support the fulfilment of basic needs and to open the chance for countries to get involved with international commitment to address climate change. Secondly, the free rider in climate change is also considered as a form of non-compliance. Free riding is when states are able to enjoy the benefits without contributing to the cost. Grundig et al. describe that in the climate context, a state could free ride by not reducing its GHG emissions, while others do so. That state still could enjoy the benefit from the decreased danger of climate change achieved by others efforts (Grundig et al. in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 49). Neo-liberal theorists view the free riding problem as important in enforcing international law. In this case, non-participation in the treaty is also included as free riding. The issue of free riding can be solved with the strong mechanism of the compliance process, such as effective and transparent review and reporting mechanisms. Unfortunately, the current punishment mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is not strong enough to make the state parties comply with their obligations. The issue of compliance provided in article 3(1) of the Kyoto Protocol is the Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. (Scott 2006: 622) This article describes the obligation of Annex I countries to meet the emissions reduction. Countries could reduce emissions through several mechanisms, such as through national efforts or other mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. According to UNFCCC, the mechanisms provided under the Kyoto Protocol are aimed to stimulate sustainable development through technology transfer and investment, help countries with Kyoto commitments to meet their targets by reducing emissions or removing carbon from the atmosphere in other countries in a cost-effective way, and encourage the private sector and developing countries to contribute to emission reduction efforts. (UNFCCC) The obligation of emissions reduction should be done through national measures. Emissions reduction is closely related to other policies, such as transportation, energy security, agriculture, economic activities, and also education and culture. There should be policy changes in those areas to assist reduction of climate change, but these should be applied carefully in order not to affect the economic growth and development of the states. The limitation in the use of fossil fuels energy has its own dilemmas. On the one hand, states should limit the use of fossil fuels to support the notion of environmental protection. On the other hand, the reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels will impact on supply and price. When developed countries limit themselves in their consumption of fossil fuels, the supply will increase and the price will decrease. This condition will trigger developing countries to consume fossil fuels. Here, environmental problems are not solved rather they are tran sferred from Annex I to non-Annex I countries (Baylis et al. 2008). Thus, this again reasserts the idea that environmental problems cannot be solved only by developed countries themselves without the participations of developing countries. To accelerate the progress in dealing with environmental problems and also to give flexibility to the state parties to fulfil their commitments, the Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms: emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The first mechanism, emission trading, allows one Annex I country to sell its amount of permitted GHG emissions to another Annex I country that has emissions below the target in the Kyoto Protocol. Although the overall amount of emissions can be reduced, the trading itself still cannot be ensured to be transparent, low-cost, and efficient (Cameron 2002: 12). The second mechanism is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that is provided under the article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. CDM is aimed to assist parties not included in Annex I to reduce GHG emissions and attempt to achieve the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. By assisting the project, including transferring technology, to non-Annex I countries, Annex I countries will gain GHG credits or Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). The CERs will raise the assigned amount stated in article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol. The developing countries will also get the benefit from project assistance or the transfer of technology (Cameron 2002: 11). The last mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is Joint Implementation (JI). The CDM and JI mechanisms have the same principles. JI mechanism allows developed countries to gain CERs by financing projects in another developed country or an Annex I party. This happens when the same amount of money could give a greater result in emissions reduction in other develop ed countries that have more efficient power plants or projects, rather than spending the money in own country (Baylis et al. 2008: 362). There are some critical questions on the implementation of the CDM. The CDM will surely need the participation from developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol to receive financial and technological assistance. Domestic politics in developing countries mostly place the agenda of climate change lower than other issues, such as economic development and health policies. Moreover, the effective implementation of the CDM depends on the recipient countries. Problems such as poverty and minimal health care, weak institutions, and the transparency of aid might influence the success of the project. Thus, assistance could be effective only within certain conditions. From a long-term perspective, this essay argues that the bigger problem is that the CDM might only relocate industries from developed countries to developing countries in order to avoid restrictions by the Annex I countries (Cameron 2002: 13-14). Therefore, those mechanisms might be attractive for all parties to participate and work hard to implement the Kyoto Protocol, but the environmental problems will not eventually be solved and the objective of climate change will not be achieved. Conclusion The Kyoto Protocol aims to address gradual warming and to protect the environment for the future generations. Climate change is a common problem and needs participation from all countries. This essay examines the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol from two elements: participation and compliance. The issue of participation is examined by discussing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). The principle of CDR is meant to bridge the notions of environmental protection and development. By applying the principle of CDR in the Kyoto Protocol, the developing countries are willing to join in this climate change regime because this principle gives more attention to the developing countries. Firstly, the current environmental problems are related to the history of the era of industrialization which resulted in the developed countries. Secondly, the developing countries should be differentiated because they might not have the same capacity as developed countries, in te rms of finance and technology, to address the issue of climate change. However, in order to legitimize the Kyoto Protocol as a binding treaty, the new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, should be given more significant roles than other developing countries. This will also resolve the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The issue of participation in order to make the Kyoto Protocol more effective are closely related to the issue of compliance. A state will not join a treaty if it will breach the treaty. The non-compliance of states in environmental law is mostly because of the lack of capacity to fulfil the commitments and the issue of free riding. The issue of free riding could be solved by implementing a stronger compliance mechanism in the treaty. The Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms to help a state to comply with the obligations, through its own national measures. Those three mechanisms are emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). Although those mechanisms provide flexibility to fulfil the commitments among the Annex I countries or between developed and developing countries, the negative impacts for the long-term still need to be addressed in order to make the Kyoto Protocol an effective environmental treaty. (3219 words)