Ethics And Professional Practice Assignment- Free Sample

Abstract The dynamics of the business and the environment has changed in last decade. There have been cases where the attention has been drawn on the scandals, and issues in the governance due to unethical behaviour of the employees. The idea behind this research paper is to draw the attention on the modes in which the ethics of the employees can be measured and governed. The research takes into consideration the myths associated with the ethics and the management and leadership to govern the culture. The research recommends proactive approach by the leaders for the issues. Introduction There have been numerous instances in the twenty first century that has resulted in the losses expanding to millions due to the unethical behaviour of the employees. These problems have again made the researchers think about the issues related to ethics and the behaviour of the employees coupled with the responses of managers to deal with these problems (Robinson Bennett, 2000 pg 351). The research paper discusses about the research paper of Trevino and Nelson (2014 pg 14) about bad apples, and the identification of these bad apples for the betterment of the organization. However the study will also take into account the fact whether the removal of the employee is the right approach or some more can be done to eradicate this problem (Robinson Bennett, 2000 pg 353). There have been some elements and the factors that are associated from being ethical and that will be discussed in the course of this essay. Organizational Culture Creating Pressure One of the most critical elements of the ethical or non ethical behaviour is the pressure that is built by the organizations and its culture at large. There are pressures on the work environment that results in the decisions to be taken for the benefit of the organization and increasing its profitability. However ignoring the organizational context in being ethical is not right. There will always be pressures from the organization that will force a person to behave in a unethical manner (Jones, 2009 pg 533). Though identification of these improper behaviours is a must, it is not wise to say that the only problem that is created in the organization is by the employees. It has been noted in various researches that sometimes doing the right thing as per the leaders and bosses perceptions may result in the unethical behaviour from individuals end (Acquino, et al. 1999 pg 1088). In some cases the pressure to perform is to much a lure for the people to behave unethically. Unethical Behaviour and Bad Apples The theory of bad apples suggests that the unethical behaviour is the factor that is due to the bad apples. Removal of these bad apples causes the removal of the problems of the organization. The idea behind this theory was that the removal of bad apples causes the removal of the organizational problems and the leader will be able to clean it (Trevino et al.2003, p. 35). The debate has been whether the removal of the bad apples results in the ending of the problems and the issues of the ethics that are there in the organization. However, it has been noted that this is not the case, as there are always external environment that act as the barrier for the ethical behaviour. Therefore to blame the employees for the problems is not the right way to looking at things (Trevino et al. 1999 p. 150). Ethical Leadership Components An appropriate conduct for inducing ethical behaviour is required in the case of the organization. The role of the ethical leader is to create the code of conduct for the employees and creating effective communication. The reinforcement of the codes and conducts is also required so that the two way decision making is done (Brown et al. 2000 p.120). It is important for the leader to be ethical himself and the people should view the leader as being honest, and a person who can be trusted. Van den Akker et al. (2009) mentioned that the ethical leader is one who is able to lead by example and set the bars of ethics higher. He should make the employees follow. The people should be able to change there working and ethics so that the bad apples are turned good (Dalal, 2005 pg 1252). It is important that the leader is able to judge the misbehaviour that can hurt the organizational objectives (Vardi Wiener, 1996 pg 155). The basic factor in the organizational judgement that included the find ing of the bad apples that are responsible for the dent in the ethics, is also to find the route cause for the issues. Kalshoven et al. (2011) that the leader should be ethical in finding these causes that is helpful for the change in work behaviour in the positive manner. The stimulation for the unethical work is reduced if the leader is ethical and tries and tries and create effective communication to reduce theproblems. (Mayer et al. 2009, pg 12). There have been experiments that have found that the problem with the ethical standards and meeting is sometimes created by the leader himself (Lasthuizen, 2008). In some cases the people do not know that the work they are doing is unethical in nature and therefore causes the organization to suffer (Milgram 1974). The experiments by Milgram (1974) showed that the in case of some authoritative figure giving instruction to the employees to act in a unethical manner, chances were that the instruction was followed by the individual. The researches have shown that there is a definite level of discomfort in some cases that was caused of wrong doings in a pressure (Hogg et al. 2004 p.251). Conclusion The study clearly indicates that several factors are included in the person to behave unethically in the organization. The discussion of the employees and their behaviour to cheat or act in a unethical manner is sometimes governed by the culture of that organization. The employee acts and works in a manner in which its environment asks for. Therefore the onus is on various factors rather than only on the problems related to the employees being unethical. In order to curb the situations and causes of the unethical behaviour, it is important that the leader is ethical himself and trustworthy. He should be able to communicate with the employees and set the code of conduct for them, which should also be implemented in a time based manner. The role of the leader is therefore critical and he should be able to judge and correct the behaviours of the employees. The study also highlighted that the pressure on the employees the leader should be ethical in finding these causes that is helpful for the change in work behaviour in the positive manner. The stimulation for the unethical work is reduced if the leader is ethical and tries and tries and create effective communication to reduce the problems (Mayer et al. 2009, pg 12). There have been experiments that have found that the problem with the ethical standards and meeting is sometimes created by the leader himself (Lasthuizen, 2008). In some cases the people do not know that the work they are doing is unethical in nature and therefore causes the organization to suffer (Milgram 1974). The experiments by Milgram (1974) showed that the in case of some authoritative figure giving instruction to the employees to act in a unethical manner, chances were that the instruction was f ollowed by the individual. The researches have shown that there is a definite level of discomfort in some cases that was caused of wrong doings in a pressure (Hogg et al. 2004 p. 251).

Using Anthropology Comparison Sample Essay

Using Anthropology Comparison Sample EssaySo you are trying to decide on what Anthropology Comparison Sample Essay is the right one for you. Well, if you are just starting out in this field, you want to be sure that your goal is to become a professor and it is not just a hobby. Many other things come into play, including being recognized by your colleagues in your area, and being able to live your life more comfortably as an independent scholar. When you are looking for an essay to assist you with this, you want to make sure that you get one that is appropriate for your needs.When you find one, you will realize that the choice is more difficult than you might have thought. The first thing that you will want to do is determine what kind of reader this essay is going to be targeted towards. If you are working on the general undergraduate population, a longer essay may be needed. However, if you are considering a PhD, then you may want to make sure that you go with a shorter essay.If yo u are trying to go with an undergrad population, you will want to think about what the subject of the essay is. In many cases, students will read on to figure out who they are and what they want to do after graduation. You can also look at what particular fields of study the person is most familiar with. This can be especially important if you are writing an essay for a teacher.If you are writing the essay for a professor, then you may want to narrow it down to just the faculty level. If you are going to a university, you will probably have to do more extensive research to determine how to write it. If you are writing for the professor at your department, though, you will have a better idea. The choice will largely be based on your own judgment and expertise.As you are reading and working through the different fields, you will probably be surprised to see just how much variation there really is. One can have a real difficult time trying to find the topics and examples that would wor k for each person. It is best to just stick with the ones that you are most familiar with and see what happens as you go along.While you are doing this, you will want to have some examples of the topics that you need to write about. With so many different examples of what could happen in a given case, you will be able to keep your focus on the things that really matter to the person. Also, you will be able to build upon what you already know and that can lead to a powerful connection in your writing. Having these example points can help you get started and stay on track to your final goal.You will need to spend some time learning all of this information. You will also need to make sure that you have a great attitude and that you do not lose sight of your goal. The sooner you start, the sooner you will be able to realize your dream.

Aggression essays

Aggression essays Jimmy Wylie Nurture plays a much larger role in the development of aggression in ones personality then that of nature. Green (http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap7/) defines aggression in terms of four basic elements: 1) delivery of a harmful stimulus or stimuli (i.e. an insult, kick, ect.) to another person, 2) an intent to harm another person, 3) a belief that an action will be effective, and 4) a target who is motivated to avoid being harmed. Human aggression seems to universally effects humans as a species. However there are some societies, like that of the United States who are much more affected by both internal and international aggression. Psychology Today (http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap7/) asked, If you could secretly push a button and thereby eliminate any persons with no repercussions to yourself, would you press that button? 69% of American males and 56% of American females said they would. There are many theories which argue that aggression is a natural aspect but there is just t oo much evidence that argues aggression as being a product of socialization. Most of the arguments siding that aggression is a natural behaviour are just theories and ideas with little or no fact in them. These arguments tend to blame aggression on insanity and mental illnesses. On the other hand, these theorists state that acts of aggression are done from observing others and seeing their successes and the benefits aggression brings. This is easily shown though family life and is extremely evident in the media. Some others argue that aggression can be a way of trying to gain attention. At a very young age influences with aggression can deeply affect the way ones personality develops. As stated earlier the theories arguing that aggression is a natural part of a humans personality use mental dysfunctions in an attempt to prove this. For example; Charles Whitman killed his wife and...

The night of Halloween Essays

The night of Halloween Essays The night of Halloween Essay The night of Halloween Essay The Night Before Halloween It was the night before Halloween we were all getting ready for the schools annual halloween party, which iVe been going to since I could go. My friends and I are going to be vampires. When my friends get here we are going to walk to the school. I should tell you before i go that there is this house on my street which is believed to be Haunted. I have heard from some of the teacher that three kids went in there and never came out. . lncoming call. Meet me at the old farm house, the night before Halloween. At 12:00 exactly. you are the one then you know where it is. Dont tell anyone. Bring your closes friends, but dont tell your Mother, or else. Im watching you. End of Call.. Two Days till Halloween. My Friends are here. I told my mother that we are going to the school for the Halloween party but really we are going to The old farm house to see what that person whats with us. The Phone call he gave me was so creepy I Just didnt k now how to respond with that. I have been thinking about telling the police but he said dont tell anyone not even your mother or else. I was thinking about the or else part wondering what it meant. Llke would he hurt my mother or me or my friends. Im not sure, but what i am sure of is that he gives me the creeps. Have you heard the saying Dont want to meet them in a dark alley. Well thats exactly what i am doing pretty much. Its scary to think of but i got to do what I got to do. THE DAY BEFORE HALLOWEEN. TONIGHT I HAVE to goto THE FARM HOUSE TO MEET THE PHONE CALLING GUY, TO SEE WHAT HE WANTS. IM SO scared to meet him and see what he wants. 10:00, I have two hours till i have to meet him. :50. My friends are here we are ready to go. i am shaking well we are walking to the house. My friends are right by my side. As we head towards the house i see a light go on and i feel like turning back. we have to go in. as we walk in we hear someone say Say goodbye girls, To your life. hahahahah. We had left the door open. When we walked in i could ghastly she a figure right in front of us, there wasnt Just one there was thr ee men in the room. I was about to yell run but didnt because I knew they would hurt us. So, I didnt. Hello. What did you want with us? WHAT DO I WANT WITH YOU. NOTHING. BUT THERE IS SOMEONE WHO DOES. SHOW YOUR SELF. HEY, GIRLS. THE VOCIE SOUNDED FAMILIAR, BUT JUST COULD NOT PUT A FINGER ON IT. DO YOU recognize ME. Im Mr. White.. You guys nave been very bad students, and i dont plan on telling your parents and fixing this. Im not fixing this problem Im ending it. I am not sure what he, but i know it is not good, he never treated us very good either. Put them in the room. the room what is that? To be continue

Business Environment and Investment Climate Coursework

Business Environment and Investment Climate - Coursework Example There are other alternatives to a market system that human societies have tried in the past and which turned out worse in the long run in several respects, such as allocating scarce resources or fully satisfying the needs of the people. One alternative that failed is the market in a command-and-control economy which existed in communist countries until the early 1990s, where the government bureaucracy determined the types, prices, and quantities to be sold. The government commanded companies to produce what it thought the market would buy. This worked for a time, but in the long run the goods turned out to be of poor quality, and the people tired of consuming the same items (food, cars, television sets, or clothes). Producers were not motivated to improve the quality of their goods, because they did not enjoy marginal benefits from doing so since the government dictated the price, and therefore the profits that could be earned. Without such incentives, productivity collapsed. When these economies were closed, government allocated scarce resources depending on what they thought the market wanted. ... Without such incentives, productivity collapsed. When these economies were closed, government allocated scarce resources depending on what they thought the market wanted. It turned out that instead of putting resources to best use, these were being wasted as resources were used to produce goods the market did not want to buy. In a market system that is "relatively" free, where buyers and sellers dictate the price and quantity of each good bought or sold, each party has an incentive to get the best value. Buyers want to pay as low as possible, whilst sellers want to get the highest profit for their good. Each tries to beat the market. Millions of goods bought and sold means there are millions of pricing and quantity decisions made by buyers and sellers. This is the so-called market mechanism, an "invisible hand" that guides decision-making freely so that scarce resources are eventually utilised efficiently. In the market system, the prices and quantities of goods bought and sold reach a point of equilibrium where just enough goods are bought and sold at a certain price, and when prices or quantities change, the supply and demand of goods change with it. What is the relation of a market system to the investment climate If the market system operates relatively freely, then investors can make their own decisions as to how many to produce and what price to charge. Investors want to make profits, and they do not want anyone other than the buyers of the goods to dictate at what price they can sell and how many to sell. In general, they prefer that they enter markets where they can compete on the basis of price and quality,

By suggesting the kinds of defense mechanisms that deadened human Essay

By suggesting the kinds of defense mechanisms that deadened human responses to horror, Ladies and Gentlemen, to the Gas Chamber, - Essay Example In 1923, Germany’s economy was in succession and its goods were sold abroad to secure the nations’ exports abroad. The industries that bribed politicians got bankrupt and people had to claim their jobs by working without being paid making them frustrated in the process. The situation in German’s economic sector was not well planned thus it affected the country greatly. This was because competition in the economy was rapidly increasing leading to a split in the government’s authority. This led to power sharing within the government, and the Germans were not contented with it because they got direct opposition from Berlin thus the parties become democratic champions as they were running the economy. It was believed in 1933 that the German government was collapsing as Franklin Roosevelt was not able to solve the crisis that was befalling them because the country was bankrupt and needed a lot of money for the top. Hitler came into power and had to make the eco nomy rise from its bankruptcy, by recruiting new members to direct them in SA. Hitler knew that he was making rushed decisions, and it was a hard task for him to accomplish alone, therefore help was required. Hitler transformed Germany into structures of the state, social law and the constitution of the society to attain his goal of stabilizing the state and free his nation from foreign powers and maintain geography at large. This was a mechanism that deadened human responses to horror as he grabbed the people unaware (Hunt, 625). The sanctions and poor economy convinced citizens that Hitler was not serious with stabilizing the economy because they were bankrupt. He made improvements in the government leading to a rise in the economy as he was obliged to pick his cabinet of National Socialists. Afterwards, Hitler came into power in a democratic way because he had stabilized the economy of the state without seeking help. All this led to an improved economy since profit rose above the minimal stabilizer. That was incredible and made anti-Nazi historians give up because of the defeat they had received from Hitler’s revolution that had brought changes to Germany. Hitler obtained plenary power that made him the nation’s supreme democratic making the Germans view him as a legend. During the First World War, Feldmarschall was fond of traditions, and Hitler wanted the traditions to take place so as to see the Reichstag to convince them (Hunt, 641). Germany was on top of the Reichswehr, which was an object of Hitler to courtship. Hitler appointed a chancellor without asking opinion from the rest of the committee and they got angry as it was done without their consent. Feldmarschall sent General von Hammerstein Equord who came to Hindenburg of general staff and disapproved. Hitler and Dr. Goebbels had taken control of nation radio and making it their tool to broadcast power hitherto. Hitler was carefully planning and managing soldiers for the great renewal as many government officials, army officers, lawyers and judges had abandoned their work. Hitler wanted to acquire officials and rectify the Reichstag. This would establish authority to govern virtual dictatorship to gain powers lawfully as the Germans constitution had amended. Hitler won the elections and Germany national government came up with a solution against political particulars. His intention was to devise plans from retirement

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay

Analysing The Effectiveness Of The Kyoto Protocol Politics Essay Environmental issues become global issues because the effect of the environmental problem goes beyond national boundaries. Thus, environmental issues are common concerns and every country has a responsibility to tackle the problem. One of the environmental problems is global warming. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 in order to mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas that can endanger human life. Principally, the Convention attempted to reduce the emissions that can trigger the gradual warming of the atmosphere. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted in the Third Conference of the Parties as a legally binding treaty. In the Kyoto Protocol, the ratified countries have to commit to a target to reduce their emissions. By countries to reducing emissions in concert, it is expected that the issue of climate change and its impact on the earth can be addressed. After more than a decade, the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol as a global environmental regime to address climate change is still questioned. This essay argues that the Kyoto Protocol is not effective enough to tackle global warming. The argument will be based on the examination of two issues in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the issue of participation will be discussed, especially the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). Secondly, the issue of participation will be linked to the compliance issue in the Kyoto Protocol. In this section, this essay will look at the effectiveness of three mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol: emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The Kyoto Protocol Environmental damage caused by pollution does not recognize national boundaries and has to be addressed by combined action of multiple states. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported the scientific findings about the actual threat to the earth were caused by the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG). GHG will cover the atmosphere and eventually block solar radiation. This will cause an increase of the earths temperature and result in climate change, such as unpredictable and extreme weather, floods, and storms. The scientific findings recommend to maintain the increase of temperature below 20C by limiting the concentration of CO2 on the atmosphere below 550 ppm (Baylis et al. 2008: 361). Notwithstanding keeping the increase of temperature below 20C, scientists believe that the climate change would still bring mostly negative effects to human life (Scott 2004: 271). These scientific findings force all nations to cooperate to mitigate climate change. The UNFCCC was established at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992 as an international action to address climate change. The UNFCCC was non-binding agreement to encourage state parties to cut their gas emission. Then, the Third Conference of the Parties on December 11, 1997, successfully negotiated the Kyoto Protocol as the first binding international agreement to mitigate global warming by targeting emission reduction of states (Scott 2004: 273). The Kyoto Protocol was signed by most states, but the process of ratification was not easy. Article 24(1) of the Kyoto Protocol stated that the Protocol was opened for signature from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999. According to Article 25(1) of the Kyoto Protocol, the Protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date on which not less than 55 Parties to the Convention, incorporating Parties included in Annex I which accounted in total for at least 55 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions for 1990 of the Parties included in Annex I, have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. (Scott 2006: 637-638) The United States represents 36.1 per cent of Annex I emissions, Russia represents 17.4 per cent, and Japan, Australia, Canada and the rest of Annex I countries represent below 10 per cent. With that composition, the United States and the Russian Federation ratification became significant for the Kyoto Protocol to be enforced. Although the United States signed the Protocol it is opposed to bringing the Kyoto Protocol to the Senate for ratification. Consequently, the ratification of the Russian Federation became crucial to fulfil at least 55 per cent of the total emission of Annex I countries as stated in the article 25(1) (Doelle 2005: xv). The Russian Federation did ratify the Protocol and it was enforced on February 16, 2005. According to UNFCCC, there are 191 parties in the Kyoto Protocol and the total percentage of Annex I parties emissions is 63.7 per cent (UNFCCC). Participation The climate change issue is not only about emission reduction. The issue involves many other aspects, such as transportation, agriculture, and energy security. Thus, addressing climate change will eventually point to the structural inequalities in wealth, income and power between the North and the South (Gupta in Hisschemà ¶ller and Gupta 1999: 154). Encouraging participation from all developed and developing countries is one difficulty in creating an effective climate change regime. The basis for implementing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) is to encourage the cooperation of all states to promote effective action on global issue, such as climate change (Cullet 2003: 16). However, the application of the CDR principle has its own obstacles. As stated above, the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol refers to the minimum role of developing countries to the reduction of GHG emissions, particularly regarding the principle of CDR. Developing countries recognize two principles in environmental law: the common heritage of mankind (CHM) and the common but differentiated responsibility (CDR) between nations. CHM is the first principle used by developing countries to assert justice on resource exploitation. However, the CHM principle is less significant (Duff in Okereke 2008: 8) than the CDR principle in negotiating environmental law. Thus, this essay only discusses the CDR principle in the climate change regime. Common is to recognize that all states have the same environmental risks to face, but the responsibility to address the problems is differentiated among countries, particularly between developed and developing countries (Stone 2004: 277). According to Okereke, from the perspective of international law, the CDR principle has culpability and capability dimensions. The first dimension refers to history and emphasizes that most of the current environmental problems were caused by the development of the North, particularly in the era of industrialization. That dimension is closely related to the dimension of capability. Because of that development, developed countries are now more capable than developing countries, in term of technology and financial resources (Okereke 2008: 32). Thus, article 4 of the UNFCCC adopts the CDR principle to acknowledge that developed countries have more responsibilities and should take the lead in dealing with climate change. Making the environmental issue a global priority would distract developing countries from their development which could make them reluctant to join the Kyoto Protocol. The CDR principle resolves this issue because it bridges the notions of environmental protection and the need of development by the South, or developing countries (Najam 2005: 308). Therefore, the CDR principle has two implications in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, the Annex I countries in the Kyoto Protocol have commitments in reducing emissions while the developing countries are excused from the effort to reduce their emissions. Secondly, the developed countries are expected to provide technological and financial assistance to developing countries in order to meet the recommended amount of emission reduction and also to reduce the possible social and economic impacts on developing countries when they are fulfilling their voluntary commitment (Cullet 2003: 70-71). The implications of the CDR principle are demonstrated b y the provision of financial and technological assistance under the Kyoto Protocol. The application of the CDR principle into policy instruments of the Kyoto Protocol is challenging. The United States as the largest emitter in the world rejects those two implications of the CDR principle as stated above. This opposition is based on the view that although developed countries are the largest producers of GHG, new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, that also produce large amount of GHG emissions, should not be ignored. China, which is included in the grouping of developing countries, is the second largest which produce of GHG emissions (Harris 1999: 31). Therefore, the United States is of the view that the large developing countries should give the similar contributions as the Annex I countries to prevent the high increases of GHS emissions in the next decades (Scholtz 2008: 127). The unwillingness of the United States as the largest producer of GHG emissions, to ratify the Kyoto Protocol results in the Protocols lack of legitimacy. This is worsened by the reluctance of the developing countries to reduce their emissions before the developed countries show progress (Harris 1999: 33-34). Thus, the Kyoto Protocol will only be effective if all parties are willing to participate. This means the United States must agree to have a binding commitment for reducing its emissions and the developing countries should agree to have a voluntarily commitment to cut their increasing emissions (Scholtz 2008: 128). According to Downs, determinants for the regimes legitimacy are democratic decision-making, high consensus standard, and the degree of distributive fairness embodied in standards (Downs 2000: 27). The debate between developed and developing countries over the CDR principle shows that the climate change regime lacks consensus. In this case, it shows that developing cou ntries are distrustful of the Kyoto Protocol by believing that it is only aimed for the developed countries benefit (Downs 2000: 27). The lack of consensus will influence the issue of participation and compliance and at the end, the Kyoto Protocol will become ineffective as a binding treaty to solve global environmental problems. Compliance The issue of participation is closely related to the issue of compliance and both will influence the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. When the highest sovereignty is the state, it is difficult to enforce international law. Scott argues that the lack of an international police force to enforce compliance makes international law is only politically effective (Scott 2004: 7). If the compliance mechanism in international law is effective, then on the one hand many countries will be willing to participate in the treaty. On the other hand, they would rather not participate in the treaty than breach their obligations (Vezirgiannidou 2009: 42). Becoming a non-compliant state will risk its image in the international community. In environmental law, particularly under the climate change regime, this essay would argue that lack of capacity and the idea of a free rider are the reasons for the issue of non-compliance in the Kyoto Protocol. Firstly, one possibility is that the states, mostly developing countries, intend to comply with the treaty, but they do not have enough resources and the capacity to fulfil the requirements. In this case of non-compliance, assistance would be needed rather than penalty to increase their compliance with the treaty (Young in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 43). Another possibility is that the states would prefer to spend their resources for other priorities, such as their basic needs, than for climate mitigation (Doelle 2005: 116). Thus, the principle of assistance is to support the fulfilment of basic needs and to open the chance for countries to get involved with international commitment to address climate change. Secondly, the free rider in climate change is also considered as a form of non-compliance. Free riding is when states are able to enjoy the benefits without contributing to the cost. Grundig et al. describe that in the climate context, a state could free ride by not reducing its GHG emissions, while others do so. That state still could enjoy the benefit from the decreased danger of climate change achieved by others efforts (Grundig et al. in Vezirgiannidou 2009: 49). Neo-liberal theorists view the free riding problem as important in enforcing international law. In this case, non-participation in the treaty is also included as free riding. The issue of free riding can be solved with the strong mechanism of the compliance process, such as effective and transparent review and reporting mechanisms. Unfortunately, the current punishment mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is not strong enough to make the state parties comply with their obligations. The issue of compliance provided in article 3(1) of the Kyoto Protocol is the Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. (Scott 2006: 622) This article describes the obligation of Annex I countries to meet the emissions reduction. Countries could reduce emissions through several mechanisms, such as through national efforts or other mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. According to UNFCCC, the mechanisms provided under the Kyoto Protocol are aimed to stimulate sustainable development through technology transfer and investment, help countries with Kyoto commitments to meet their targets by reducing emissions or removing carbon from the atmosphere in other countries in a cost-effective way, and encourage the private sector and developing countries to contribute to emission reduction efforts. (UNFCCC) The obligation of emissions reduction should be done through national measures. Emissions reduction is closely related to other policies, such as transportation, energy security, agriculture, economic activities, and also education and culture. There should be policy changes in those areas to assist reduction of climate change, but these should be applied carefully in order not to affect the economic growth and development of the states. The limitation in the use of fossil fuels energy has its own dilemmas. On the one hand, states should limit the use of fossil fuels to support the notion of environmental protection. On the other hand, the reduction in the consumption of fossil fuels will impact on supply and price. When developed countries limit themselves in their consumption of fossil fuels, the supply will increase and the price will decrease. This condition will trigger developing countries to consume fossil fuels. Here, environmental problems are not solved rather they are tran sferred from Annex I to non-Annex I countries (Baylis et al. 2008). Thus, this again reasserts the idea that environmental problems cannot be solved only by developed countries themselves without the participations of developing countries. To accelerate the progress in dealing with environmental problems and also to give flexibility to the state parties to fulfil their commitments, the Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms: emissions trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). The first mechanism, emission trading, allows one Annex I country to sell its amount of permitted GHG emissions to another Annex I country that has emissions below the target in the Kyoto Protocol. Although the overall amount of emissions can be reduced, the trading itself still cannot be ensured to be transparent, low-cost, and efficient (Cameron 2002: 12). The second mechanism is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that is provided under the article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol. CDM is aimed to assist parties not included in Annex I to reduce GHG emissions and attempt to achieve the objectives of the Kyoto Protocol. By assisting the project, including transferring technology, to non-Annex I countries, Annex I countries will gain GHG credits or Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). The CERs will raise the assigned amount stated in article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol. The developing countries will also get the benefit from project assistance or the transfer of technology (Cameron 2002: 11). The last mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol is Joint Implementation (JI). The CDM and JI mechanisms have the same principles. JI mechanism allows developed countries to gain CERs by financing projects in another developed country or an Annex I party. This happens when the same amount of money could give a greater result in emissions reduction in other develop ed countries that have more efficient power plants or projects, rather than spending the money in own country (Baylis et al. 2008: 362). There are some critical questions on the implementation of the CDM. The CDM will surely need the participation from developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol to receive financial and technological assistance. Domestic politics in developing countries mostly place the agenda of climate change lower than other issues, such as economic development and health policies. Moreover, the effective implementation of the CDM depends on the recipient countries. Problems such as poverty and minimal health care, weak institutions, and the transparency of aid might influence the success of the project. Thus, assistance could be effective only within certain conditions. From a long-term perspective, this essay argues that the bigger problem is that the CDM might only relocate industries from developed countries to developing countries in order to avoid restrictions by the Annex I countries (Cameron 2002: 13-14). Therefore, those mechanisms might be attractive for all parties to participate and work hard to implement the Kyoto Protocol, but the environmental problems will not eventually be solved and the objective of climate change will not be achieved. Conclusion The Kyoto Protocol aims to address gradual warming and to protect the environment for the future generations. Climate change is a common problem and needs participation from all countries. This essay examines the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol from two elements: participation and compliance. The issue of participation is examined by discussing the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CDR). The principle of CDR is meant to bridge the notions of environmental protection and development. By applying the principle of CDR in the Kyoto Protocol, the developing countries are willing to join in this climate change regime because this principle gives more attention to the developing countries. Firstly, the current environmental problems are related to the history of the era of industrialization which resulted in the developed countries. Secondly, the developing countries should be differentiated because they might not have the same capacity as developed countries, in te rms of finance and technology, to address the issue of climate change. However, in order to legitimize the Kyoto Protocol as a binding treaty, the new emerging economies, such as China, India, and Brazil, should be given more significant roles than other developing countries. This will also resolve the reluctance of the United States to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The issue of participation in order to make the Kyoto Protocol more effective are closely related to the issue of compliance. A state will not join a treaty if it will breach the treaty. The non-compliance of states in environmental law is mostly because of the lack of capacity to fulfil the commitments and the issue of free riding. The issue of free riding could be solved by implementing a stronger compliance mechanism in the treaty. The Kyoto Protocol provides three mechanisms to help a state to comply with the obligations, through its own national measures. Those three mechanisms are emission trading, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Joint Implementation (JI). Although those mechanisms provide flexibility to fulfil the commitments among the Annex I countries or between developed and developing countries, the negative impacts for the long-term still need to be addressed in order to make the Kyoto Protocol an effective environmental treaty. (3219 words)